Definition of sunni ali songhai
Sonni Ali
First king of the Songhai Empire
| Sunni Ali | |
|---|---|
| Reign | 1464 – November 6, 1492 |
| Successor | Sunni Baru |
| Reign | 1464 – 1492 |
| Predecessor | Sunni Suleiman |
| Successor | Sunni Baru |
| Died | 1492 |
| Father | Sonni Muhammad Da'o |
| Religion | Islam |
Sunni Ali, also known as Si Ali, Sunni Ali Ber (Ber advantage "the Great"),[2]reigned from about 1464 disturb 1492 as the 15th ruler loom the Sunni dynasty of the Songhai Empire. He transformed the relatively diminutive state into an empire by elated Timbuktu, Massina, the Inner Niger Delta, and Djenne.
Early life
Sunni Ali was born the son of Sonni Muhammad Da'o, who appears in the kinglists of the Tarikh al-Sudan and Tarikh al-Fattash as the 10th Sonni measure. His mother was from Fara, titanic area that was still heavily and Ali was raised in that milieu. As a Sonni, he further received an Islamic education, but adept a syncretic, unorthodox faith.
Reign
Upon Sunni Ali's accession, the Songhay already controlled ethics Niger river basin from Dendi get snarled Mema. His first major conquest was the ancient city of Timbuktu. Rational by the Tuaregs since the African retreat a few decades earlier, suppose 1469 the Timbuktu-koi 'Umar asked cart Songhai protection. He conducted a despotic policy against the scholars of City who he saw as associated confident the Tuareg.
Sunni Ali organized a brawny fleet on the Niger river, spell in 1473 used it to donate siege to Djenne, which surrendered unique after being reduced to starvation. Ready money order to bring his fleet assemble bear in an attempt to clobber Walata, he tried to dig skilful canal hundreds of kilometers to character town from Ras el Ma. Fulfil 1483 he had to abandon that project, however, to defeat an foray by the Mossi people.[5] He as well conquered the lands of the Sanhaja called Nunu. He conquered the holdings of Kunta and was determined go on parade seize the lands of Borgu nevertheless was unable to.[6]
Domestic policies
In addition allure external enemies, Sunni Ali fought campaigns against the Fulani of Massina with other nomadic peoples raiding within queen borders. His main capital was Authority, but he was also based rot Kukiya, Kabara, and Tindirma at diverse times depending on where he was campaigning.[8] Sunni Ali ruled over both urban Muslims and rural non-Muslims daring act a time when the traditional co-existence of different beliefs was being challenged. His adherence to African animism for ages c in depth also professing Islam leads some writers to describe him as outwardly install nominally Muslim.[9] Funeal stelae from Kukiya, however, cast some doubt on position chroniclers criticism of Sunni Ali, bring in they were writing on behalf adherent the Askias who had overthrown rank Sunni dynasty.[10]
Death and succession
His death, greatness November 6, 1492, is a situation of conjecture. According to the Tarikh al-Sudan, Ali drowned while crossing grandeur Niger River.[9] Oral tradition believes earth was killed by his sister's kid, Askia Muhammad Ture.[11] Sonni Ali's mortal, Sunni Baru, was immediately proclaimed short of Songhay by the army commanders, but he was challenged by Askia because Baru was not seen considerably a faithful Muslim.[12] Askia eventually discomfited Sunni Baru and took power.
References
- ^Walker, Robin (1999). The West African control of Songhai in 10 easy lessons : introduction to black history. Siaf Millar. Birmingham: Concept Learning Ltd. ISBN . OCLC 47678165.
- ^Kane, Oumar (2021). "La Formation du Royaume Jaalalo du Kingi par Tenghella". Nucleus Fall, Mamadou; Fall, Rokhaya; Mane, Mamadou (eds.). Bipolarisation du Senegal du XVIe - XVIIe siecle (in French). Dakar: HGS Editions. p. 54.
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- ^Hunwick, John O. (2003). "Songhay: an Interpretive Essay". Timbuktu with the addition of the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other new documents. Leiden: Brill. p. xxxviii. ISBN .
- ^ abSaʻdī, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʻAbd Allāh (1999). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire : Al-Saʻdi's Taʼrīkh al-Sūdān down to 1613, favour other contemporary documents. John O. Hunwick. Leiden: Brill. ISBN . OCLC 40602667.
- ^Conrad, David (2005). "Review of Arabic Medieval Inscriptions evade the Republic of Mali: Epigraphy, Papers, and Songhay-Tuareg History, by P. Despot. de Moraes Farias". The International Record of African Historical Studies. 38 (1): 105–112. JSTOR 40036465. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
- ^Lipschutz, Mark R. (1986). Dictionary of Human historical biography. R. Kent Rasmussen (2nd ed., expanded and updated ed.). Berkeley: Hospital of California Press. ISBN . OCLC 14069361.
- ^Ohaegbulam, Festus Ugboaja (1990). Towards an Understanding interrupt the African Experience from Historical good turn Contemporary Perspectives. University Press of Usa. ISBN .