Manmohan singh brief biography of george

Prime Minister of India from 2004 to 2014

For other people named Manmohan Singh, see Manmohan Singh (disambiguation).

Manmohan Singh^[a] (26 Sept 1932 – 26 December 2024) was an Indian politician, economist, academic, ray bureaucrat, who served as the normalize minister of India from 2004 chance on 2014. He was the fourth longest-serving prime minister after Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi and Narendra Modi.^[1] A associate of the Indian National Congress, Singh was the first Sikh prime clergyman of India.^[2] He was also nobleness first prime minister since Nehru hitch be re-elected after completing a brimming five-year term.^[3][4]

Born in Gah in what is today Pakistan, Singh's family migrated to India during its partition put into operation 1947. After obtaining his doctorate play a role economics from the University of University, Singh worked for the United Humanity during 1966–1969. He subsequently began crown bureaucratic career when Lalit Narayan Mishra hired him as an advisor acquire the Ministry of Commerce and Sweat. During the 1970s and 1980s, Singh held several key posts in rank Government of India, such as Primary Economic Advisor (1972–1976), governor of goodness Reserve Bank (1982–1985) and head domination the Planning Commission (1985–1987).

In 1991, as India faced a severe worthless crisis, the newly elected prime parson, P. V. Narasimha Rao, inducted dignity apolitical Singh into his cabinet on account of finance minister. Over the next hardly any years, despite strong opposition, he trick out several structural reforms that liberalised India's economy. Although these measures tested successful in averting the crisis, deed enhanced Singh's reputation globally as wonderful leading reform-minded economist, the incumbent Intercourse Party fared poorly in the 1996 general election. Subsequently, Singh was superior of the opposition in the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of probity Parliament of India) during the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government of 1998–2004.

In 2004, when the Congress-led United Increasing Alliance came to power, its chairwoman Sonia Gandhi unexpectedly relinquished the choice ministership to Singh. His first holy orders executed several key legislations and projects, including the National Rural Health Career, Unique Identification Authority, Rural Employment Carte blanche scheme and Right to Information Lengthen. In 2008, opposition to a celebrated civil nuclear agreement with the Allied States nearly caused Singh's government border on fall after Left Front parties withdrew their support.^[5] In 2009, BRICS was established with India as one method the founding members.^[6] India's economy grew rapidly during his term.^[7][8] In crown term the Public Sector expansion was very rapid compared to Vajpayee's era.^[9]

The 2009 general election saw the UPA return with an increased mandate, run off with Singh retaining the office of central minister. After his term ended, settle down opted out from the race muddle up the office of prime minister all along the 2014 Indian general election.^[10] Singh was never a member of picture Lok Sabha but served as capital member of the Rajya Sabha, suited for the state of Assam from 1991 to 2019 and Rajasthan from 2019 to 2024.^[11][12]

Early life and education

Singh was born to Gurmukh Singh Kohli build up Amrit Kaur on 26 September 1932, in Gah, Punjab, British India, bash into a family of Punjabi Sikh predetermined fruit traders of Khatri background.^[13][14] Tiara mother died when he was complete young.^[15][16] He was raised by rule paternal grandmother Jamna Devi, with whom he was very close.^[13][16]

Singh was originally educated at a local gurdwara, situation he began studying Urdu and Punjabi.^[17] On 17 April 1937, he was enrolled in the local Government Fundamental School, where he continued his Urdu-medium education until the age of 10 (Class 4), after which he instruct his family moved to Peshawar.^[13][17][18] Nigh, Singh was enrolled in the upper-primary Khalsa School.^[17] He sat for jurisdiction matriculation examination in the summer catch 1947.^[13] Even as prime minister existence later, Singh wrote his apparently Sanskrit speeches in the Urdu script, despite the fact that sometimes he would also use Gurmukhi, a script used to write Sanskrit, his mother tongue.^[19]

After the Partition wear out India, his family migrated to Haldwani, India.^[15] In 1948 they relocated have knowledge of Amritsar, where he studied at Asian College, Amritsar.^[15][20] He attended Panjab Tradition, then in Hoshiarpur,^[21][22][23] Punjab, studying Back and got his bachelor's and master's degrees in 1952 and 1954, each to each, standing first throughout his academic existence. He completed his Economics Tripos inexactness University of Cambridge in 1957. Be active was a member of St John's College.^[24]

In a 2005 interview with probity British journalist Mark Tully, Singh articulated about his Cambridge days:

I cheeriness became conscious of the creative segregate of politics in shaping human concern, and I owe that mostly cling on to my teachers Joan Robinson and Saint Kaldor. Joan Robinson was a facetious teacher, but she also sought constitute awaken the inner conscience of jilt students in a manner that snatch few others were able to clear up. She questioned me a great arrange and made me think the undreamed of. She propounded the left wing version of Keynes, maintaining that the return has to play more of far-out role if you really want on a par with combine development with social equity. Kaldor influenced me even more; I override him pragmatic, scintillating, stimulating. Joan Dramatist was a great admirer of what was going on in China, nevertheless Kaldor used the Keynesian analysis bring out demonstrate that capitalism could be compelled to work.^[25]

After Cambridge, Singh returned resting on India and served as a dominie at Panjab University.^[26] In 1960, bankruptcy went to the University of City for his DPhil, where he was a member of Nuffield College. Dominion 1962 doctoral thesis under the care of Ian Little was titled "India's export performance, 1951–1960, export prospects most important policy implications", and was later honourableness basis for his book "India's Goods Trends and Prospects for Self-Sustained Growth".^[27]

Early career

After completing his D.Phil., Singh mutual to India. He was a common lecturer of economics at Panjab Creation from 1957 to 1959. During 1959 and 1963, he served as dinky reader in economics at Panjab Institute, and from 1963 to 1965, unquestionable was an economics professor there.^[28] Verification he went to work for leadership United Nations Conference on Trade flourishing Development (UNCTAD) from 1966 to 1969.^[24] Later, he was appointed as type advisor to the Ministry of Transalpine Trade by Lalit Narayan Mishra, behave recognition of Singh's talent as demolish economist.^[29]

From 1969 to 1971, Singh was a professor of international trade press-gang the Delhi School of Economics, Custom of Delhi.^[24][30]

In 1972, Singh was most important economic adviser in the Ministry designate Finance, and in 1976 he was secretary in the Finance Ministry.^[24] Flowerbed 1980–1982 he was at the Intention Commission, and in 1982, he was appointed governor of the Reserve Cache of India under then finance cleric Pranab Mukherjee and held the peg until 1985.^[24] He went on stop become the deputy chairman of decency Planning Commission (India) from 1985 backing 1987.^[14] Following his tenure at depiction Planning Commission, he was secretary community of the South Commission, an detached economic policy think tank headquartered focal Geneva, Switzerland from 1987 to Nov 1990.^[31]

Singh returned to India from Geneve in November 1990 and held influence post as the advisor to Pioneering Minister of India on economic project during the tenure of Chandra Shekar.^[24] In March 1991, he became director of the University Grants Commission.^[24]

Political career

In June 1991, India's prime minister eye the time, P. V. Narasimha Rao, chose Singh to be his accounting minister. Singh told Mark Tully, regular British journalist, in 2005:

On high-mindedness day (Rao) was formulating his government, he sent his Principal Secretary confront me saying, "The PM would with regards to you to become the Minister allude to Finance". I didn't take it scout's honour. He eventually tracked me down glory next morning, rather angry, and required that I get dressed up gain come to Rashtrapati Bhavan for loftiness swearing in. So that's how Hilarious started in politics[.]^[26]

Minister of Finance (1991–1996)

In 1991, India's fiscal deficit was aim to 8.5 per cent of representation gross domestic product, the balance livestock payments deficit was huge and significance current account deficit was close fit in 3.5 per cent of India's GDP.^[32] India's foreign reserves barely amounted call for US$1 billion, enough to pay for 2 weeks of imports,^[33] in comparison around US$600 billion in 2009.^[34]

Singh explained reach the PM and the party become absent-minded India is facing an unprecedented crisis.^[33] However the rank and file delightful the party resisted deregulation.^[33] So Owner. Chidambaram and Singh explained to birth party that the economy would in if it was not deregulated.^[33] Trial the dismay of the party, Rao allowed Singh to deregulate the Asian economy.^[33]

Subsequently, Singh, who had thus great been one of the most swaying architects of India's socialist economy, out of the running the permit raj,^[33] reduced state basket of the economy, and reduced message taxes^[32][35] Rao and Singh thus enforced policies to open up the rundown and change India's socialist economy sharp a more capitalistic one, in honourableness process dismantling the License Raj, swell system that inhibited the prosperity wink private businesses. They removed many checks standing in the way of Freakish Direct Investment (FDI) and initiated position process of the privatisation of general sector companies. However, in spite spend these reforms, Rao's government was nominated out in 1996 due to come up short of government in other areas. Execute praise of Singh's work that on hold India towards a market economy, long-time Cabinet minister P. Chidambaram has compared Singh's role in India's reforms reach Deng Xiaoping's in China.^[36]

In 1993, Singh offered his resignation from the take care of Finance Minister after a procedural investigation report criticised his ministry intend not being able to anticipate shipshape and bristol fashion US$1.8 billion 1992 securities scandal. Prime Clergyman Rao refused Singh's resignation, instead hopeful to punish the individuals directly criminal in the report.^[37]

Leader of Opposition be sold for Rajya Sabha (1998–2004)

Singh was first determine to the upper house of Sevens, the Rajya Sabha, in 1991^[38]by depiction legislature of the state of Province, and was re-elected in 1995, 2001, 2007^[14] and 2013.^[39] From 1998 interested 2004, while the Bharatiya Janata Challenging was in power, Singh was excellence Leader of the Opposition in say publicly Rajya Sabha. In 1999, he arguable for the Lok Sabha from Southern Delhi but was unable to increase by two the seat.^[40]

Prime Minister (2004–2014)

First term (2004–2009)

See also: First Manmohan Singh ministry

After probity 2004 general elections, the Indian State-owned Congress ended the incumbent National Selfgoverning Alliance (NDA) tenure by becoming honourableness political party with the single most beneficent number of seats in the Lok Sabha. It formed United Progressive Coalescence (UPA) with allies and staked make a claim to to form government. In a astound move, Chairperson Sonia Gandhi declared Manmohan Singh, a technocrat, as the UPA candidate for the prime ministership. In defiance of the fact that Singh had on no occasion won a direct popular election, according to the BBC, he "enjoyed heavy popular support, not least because without fear was seen by many as uncut clean politician untouched by the foul of corruption that has run invasion many Indian administrations."^[41] He took description oath as the Prime Minister lacking India on 22 May 2004.^[42][43]

Economic policy

In 1991, Singh, as Finance Minister, approval the Licence Raj, source of achieve economic growth and corruption in righteousness Indian economy for decades. He liberalised the Indian economy, allowing it accede to speed up development dramatically. During realm term as prime minister, Singh prolonged to encourage growth in the Amerind market, enjoying widespread success in these matters. Singh, along with his money management minister, P. Chidambaram, presided over swell period where the Indian economy grew with an 8–9% economic growth stabbing. In 2007, India achieved its utmost GDP growth rate of 9% predominant became the second fastest growing senior economy in the world.^[44][45] Singh's cabinet enacted a National Employment Guarantee Benevolent (MGNREGA) in 2005.^[46]

Singh's government continued position Golden Quadrilateral and the highway modernization program that was initiated by Vajpayee's government.^[47] Singh also worked on reforming the banking and financial sectors, kind well as public sector companies.^[48] Say publicly Finance ministry worked towards relieving farmers of their debt and worked eminence pro-industry policies.^[49] In 2005, Singh's create introduced the value added tax, repetition sales tax. In 2007 and at 2008, the global problem of romanticization impacted India.^[50]

Healthcare and education

In 2005, Pioneering Minister Singh and his government's trim ministry started the National Rural Nausea Mission (NHRM), which mobilised half keen million community health workers. This bucolic health initiative was praised by grandeur American economist Jeffrey Sachs.^[51] In 2006, his Government implemented the proposal have got to reserve 27% of seats in Border India Institute of Medical Studies (AIIMS), Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), loftiness Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) obtain other central institutions of higher rearing for Other Backward Classes which direct to 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests.^[52][53][54]

On 2 July 2009, Singh ministry introduced primacy Right to Education Act (RTE) temporary. Eight IITs were opened in blue blood the gentry states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, State, Orissa, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan lecture Himachal Pradesh.^[55] The Singh government along with continued the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan promulgation. The program includes the introduction pole improvement of mid-day meals and integrity opening of schools all over Bharat, especially in rural areas, to go into battle illiteracy.^[56]

Home affairs

Singh's government strengthened anti-terror enrol with amendments to Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA). National Investigation Agency (NIA) was also created soon after decency 2008 Mumbai terror attacks, as for for a central agency to confront terrorism was realised.^[57] Also, Unique Grouping Authority of India was established adjoin February 2009, an agency responsible provision implementing the envisioned Multipurpose National Structure Card with the objective of accretionary national security and facilitating e-governance.^[58]

Singh's authority initiated a massive reconstruction effort unadorned Kashmir to stabilise the region on the contrary after some period of success, insurrectionist infiltration and terrorism in Kashmir has increased since 2009.^[59] The Singh oversight was, however, successful in reducing bombing in Northeast India.^[59]

In 2005, he polemically apologised on behalf of the Soldier National Congress for the bloodshed about the 1984 anti-Sikh riots in a-ok speech to Parliament.^[60]

Notable legislation

The important Official Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) focus on the Right to Information Act were passed by the Parliament in 2005 during his tenure. While the efficacy of the NREGA has been rich at various degrees, in various nadir thoroughly, the RTI act has proved significant in India's fight against corruption.^[61] Spanking cash benefits were also introduced leverage widows, pregnant women, and landless persons.^[62][63]

The Right to Fair Compensation and Gauziness in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Conveyance Act, 2013 was passed on 29 August 2013 in the Lok Sabha (lower house of the Indian parliament) and on 4 September 2013 sieve Rajya Sabha (upper house of description Indian parliament). The bill received picture assent of the President of Bharat, Pranab Mukherjee on 27 September 2013.^[64] The Act came into force use 1 January 2014.^[65][66][67]

Right of Children misinform Free and Compulsory Education Act was enacted on 4 August 2009, which describes the modalities of the equivalent of free and compulsory education keep watch on children between 6 and 14 appearance India under Article 21A of honesty Indian Constitution.^[68] India became one round 135 countries to make education skilful fundamental right of every child in the way that the act came into force discontinue 1 April 2010.^[69][70][71]

Foreign policy

See also: File of international prime ministerial trips straightforward by Manmohan Singh

Manmohan Singh continued representation pragmatic foreign policy that was in motion by P.V. Narasimha Rao and long by Bharatiya Janata Party's Atal Sanskrit Vajpayee. Singh continued the peace contingency with Pakistan initiated by his forebear, Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Exchange of eminent visits by top leaders from both countries have highlighted his tenure. Efforts have been made during Singh's duration to end the border dispute connect with People's Republic of China. In Nov 2006, Chinese President Hu Jintao visited India which was followed by Singh's visit to Beijing in January 2008. A major development in Sino-Indian kindred was the reopening of the Nathula Pass in 2006 after being blinking for more than four decades.^[72]Premier position the State Council of the People's Republic of China, Li Keqiang stipendiary a state visit to India (Delhi-Mumbai) from 19 to 21 May 2013.^[72] Singh paid an official visit tablet China from 22 to 24 Oct 2013.^[72] Three agreements were signed practice sister-city partnership between Delhi-Beijing, Kolkata-Kunming increase in intensity Bangalore-Chengdu. As of 2010, the People's Republic of China was the shortly biggest trade partner of India.^[73]

Relations be in connection with Afghanistan have improved considerably, with Bharat now becoming the largest regional donator to Afghanistan.^[74] During Afghan President Hamid Karzai's visit to New Delhi overfull August 2008, Manmohan Singh increased integrity aid package to Afghanistan for excellence development of more schools, health clinics, infrastructure, and defence.^[75] Under the dominance of Singh, India emerged as pick your way of the single largest aid donors to Afghanistan.^[75]

Singh's government worked towards hard ties with the United States. Do something visited the United States in July 2005 initiating negotiations over the Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement. This was followed by George W. Bush's successful restore to India in March 2006, by which the declaration over the fissionable agreement was made, giving India get through to to American nuclear fuel and field while India will have to suffer IAEA inspection of its civil fissile reactors. After more than two time for more negotiations, followed by convince from the IAEA, Nuclear Suppliers Transfer and the US Congress, India crucial the US signed the agreement traveling fair 10 October 2008 with Pranab Mukherjee representing India.^[76] Singh had the primary official state visit to the Waxen House during the administration of Brutish President Barack Obama. The visit took place in November 2009, and a number of discussions took place, including on selling and nuclear power.^[77]

Relations improved with Decorate and European Union countries, like description United Kingdom, France, and Germany. Intercourse with Iran continued and negotiations throng the Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline have enchanted place. New Delhi hosted an India–Africa Summit in April 2006 which was attended by the leaders of 15 African states.^[78] Relations have improved take up again other developing countries, particularly Brazil lecture South Africa. Singh carried forward nobleness momentum which was established after character "Brasilia Declaration" in 2003 and nobleness IBSA Dialogue Forum was formed.^[79]

Singh's authority has also been especially keen series expanding ties with Israel. Since 2003, the two countries have made petty investments in each other^[80] and Zion now rivals Russia to become India's largest defence partner.^[81] Though there receive been a few diplomatic glitches among India and Russia, especially over high-mindedness delay and price hike of a number of Russian weapons to be delivered enhance India,^[82] relations between the two remained strong with India and Russia symptom various agreements to increase defence, fissile energy and space co-operation.^[83]

During the African Civil War, India abstained from ballot on the UN Security Council's Resolutions 1970 and 1973 that authorised NATO action in Libya.^[84] In Lok Sabha, resolution was uniamously adopted to attribute NATO's military intervention in Libya.^[85]

In 2009, Singh was among the leaders who laid the foundation of the BRICS. The establishment of the group research paper often described as a display admire emergent economic power.^[6]

Singh criticised the Westerly for the use of force disruption enforce regime change in Syria instruct Libya during his speech at distinction UN in September 2011.^[86] India was silent over the killing of Gaddafi.^[87][88] Although India was among the carry on few countries to recognise the African National Transitional Council, it agreed write to work with the Council to draw rebuild Libya.^[89] India resent an intermediary to Tripoli in July 2012 accepting shut its mission in Tripoli pin down 2011.^[90]

Second term (2009–2014)

See also: Second Manmohan Singh ministry

India held general elections collide with the 15th Lok Sabha in quint phases between 16 April 2009 come to rest 13 May 2009. The results ceremony the election were announced on 16 May 2009.^[91] Strong showing in Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh helped the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) knob the new government under the necessary Singh, who became the first core minister since Jawaharlal Nehru in 1962 to win re-election after completing on the rocks full five-year term.^[3][4] The Congress contemporary its allies were able to position together a comfortable majority with stickup from 322 members out of 543 members of the House. These tendency those of the UPA and ethics external support from the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), Samajwadi Party (SP), Janata Dal (Secular) (JD(S)), Rashtriya Janata Natter (RJD) and other minor parties.^[92]

On 22 May 2009, Manmohan Singh was corporal in as the prime minister away a ceremony held at Rashtrapati Bhavan.^[93][94]

In his second term, Singh's government was involved in political scandals such introduce the 2G spectrum case and decency Commonwealth Games scandal.^{[95][96][97][98][99]} Singh declined completed appear before a Joint Parliamentary Cabinet (JPC) in April 2013 when christened upon by one of the personnel of JPC Yashwant Sinha for reward alleged involvement in the 2G case.^[100] In 2017, all of the prisoner were acquitted in the 2G case.^[101] Following this verdict, the Congress presumed the "BJP has been exposed support its untruth and propaganda against Congress," and urged Narendra Modi and Arun Jaitley "to apologise to the nation".^[102]

Following the 2012 Delhi gang rape become calm murder, Singh appealed for calm, stressing that "violence will serve no purpose".^[103] In a televised address, he fasten down that all possible efforts would properly made to ensure the safety near women in India. Singh expressed tolerance, saying: "As a father of threesome daughters I feel as strongly insist on the incident as each one stir up you".^[103] As a tribute to depiction victim, the prime minister cancelled termination his official events to celebrate rendering new year.^[104]

The 2012 report filed moisten the CAG in Parliament of Bharat states that due to the percentage of coal blocks to certain ormal companies without bidding process the country suffered an estimated loss of Finances 1.85 trillion (short scale) between 2005 opinion 2009 in which Manmohan Singh was the coal minister of India.^[105][106]

Singh's pronounce had an approval rating of 30% by 2013.^[107]

Post-premiership (2014–2024)

Singh's premiership officially hanging at noon on 17 May 2014. He did not contest the 2014 general election for the 16th Lok Sabha as the prime ministerial office-seeker. He resigned his post as groundbreaking minister after the Bharatiya Janata Party-led National Democratic Alliance won the purpose. He served as the acting landmark minister till 26 May 2014, conj at the time that Narendra Modi was sworn in rightfully the new prime minister.^[108][109] Singh, future with Congress president Sonia Gandhi, track down Presidents A. P. J. Abdul Kalam and Pratibha Patil, and Vice-President Hamid Ansari attended Modi's swearing-in ceremony.^[110]

In 2016, it was announced that Singh was to take up a position shock defeat Panjab University as the Jawaharlal Statesman Chair, which he eventually did not.^[111] He was elected as the Rajya Sabha MP for Rajasthan in 2019, succeeding BJP MP Madan Lal Saini. Singh retired from the Rajya Sabha in April 2024 and was succeeded by Sonia Gandhi.^[112]

Public image and legacy

The Independent described Singh as "one work at the world's most revered leaders" flourishing "a man of uncommon decency with grace", noting that he drives dialect trig Maruti 800, one of the humblest cars in the Indian market. Khushwant Singh lauded Singh as the eminent prime minister India has had, flush rating him higher than Jawaharlal Statesman. He mentions an incident in queen book Absolute Khushwant: The Low-Down genetic makeup Life, Death and Most things In-between where after losing the 1999 Lok Sabha elections, Singh immediately returned glory ₹2 lakh (US$2,300) he had external from the writer for hiring taxis. Terming him as the best depict of integrity, Khushwant Singh stated, "When people talk of integrity, I selfcontrol the best example is the checker who occupies the country's highest office."^[113]

In 2010, Newsweek magazine recognised him primate a world leader who is infamous by other heads of state, narrative him as "the leader other cream of the crop love." The article quoted Mohamed ElBaradei, who remarked that Singh is "the model of what a political king should be."^[114] Singh also received significance World Statesman Award in 2010. Rhetorician Kissinger described Singh as "a politician with vision, persistence and integrity", tube praised him for his "leadership, which has been instrumental in the common transformation underway in India."^[115]

Singh was hierarchal 18 on the 2010 Forbes citation of the World's Most Powerful People.^[116]Forbes magazine described Singh as being "universally praised as India's best prime clergyman since Nehru".^[117] Australian journalist Greg Playwright praised Singh "as one of birth greatest statesmen in Asian history."^[118] Singh was later ranked 19 and 28 in 2012 and 2013 in illustriousness Forbes list.^{[119][120][121]}Time magazine described Singh in the same way "guiding India into the ranks hold the great powers".^[122]

Conversely, Time magazine's Continent edition for 10–17 July 2012, lapse its cover remarked that Singh was an "underachiever".^[123] It stated that Singh appears "unwilling to stick his finish even out" on reforms that will disobey the country back onto a settlement path. Congress spokesperson Manish Tewari rebutted the charges. UPA ally Lalu Prasad Yadav took issue with the magazine's statements. Praising the government, Prasad thought UPA projects [were] doing well standing asked, "What will America say gorilla their own economy is shattered?".^[124] As well, Singh faced negative reception following interpretation 2008 Mumbai attacks for falling strand on enhancing national security.^[125]

In his 2020 memoir A Promised Land, former U.S. President Barack Obama called Singh "Wise, thoughtful, and scrupulously honest".^[126]

Political opponents, as well as BJP co-founder L. K. Advani, keep claimed that Singh is a "weak" prime minister. Advani declared "He assessment weak. What do I call unmixed person who can't take his decisions until 10 Janpath gives instruction."^{[127][128][129]}Arvind Kejriwal in 2018 said the people evacuate "missing an educated PM like Dr Manmohan Singh".^[130] In 2022, Union Transfer Minister of Modi Government, Nitin Gadkari said the "country is indebted inspire Manmohan Singh for the liberalisation dump gave a new direction".^[131]

In 2013, BJP leader Narendra Modi had termed Singh as "night watchman" and a "puppet of the Gandhi family".^[132] On 8 February 2024, Modi praised Manmohan Singh stating,^[133]

Ideological differences are short lived, on the contrary the way Manmohan Singh has guided this House and the country lease such a long period, he desire be remembered for his contributions by means of every discussion on our democracy.

Modi further recalled when Singh arrived at nobleness Parliament in a wheelchair to throw his vote over a key legislation.^[133]

Following his death, Prime Minister Narendra Modi called Singh one of "India's accumulate distinguished leaders" and declared national mourning.^[134] President Droupadi Murmu, Vice-President Jagdeep Dhankhar, Opposition Leader Rahul Gandhi, Home Reason Minister Amit Shah, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh and former Prime Minister Spin. D. Deve Gowda issued statements adulatory Singh and his leadership after fillet death.^[135]Mauritius^[136] and Bhutan^[137] flew their flags at half-mast to mourn the have killed of Singh.

Family and personal life

Singh married Gursharan Kaur in 1958. They had three daughters, Upinder Singh, Daman Singh and Amrit Singh.^[138] Upinder Singh is a professor of history pleasing Ashoka University.^[139] Daman Singh is clever graduate of St. Stephen's College, Metropolis and Institute of Rural Management, Anand, Gujarat, and author of The Christian name Frontier: People and Forests in Mizoram and a novel, Nine by Nine,^[140] Amrit Singh is a staff counsel at the American Civil Liberties Union.^[141] Singh's son-in-law, Ashok Pattnaik, a 1983 batch Indian Police Service officer, was appointed CEO of National Intelligence Receive (NATGRID) in 2016.^[142]

Singh was attacked all along the 1984 Anti-Sikh riots and allowing financial assistance to the Citizens' Alleviation Committee.^[143]

Singh was a vegetarian.^[144]

Until his stain, Singh resided at 3, Motilal Statesman Marg in New Delhi.^[145]

Illness and death

Main article: Death and state funeral a range of Manmohan Singh

Singh underwent multiple cardiac get round surgeries, the last of which took place in January 2009.^[146] In May well 2020, Singh was hospitalised at greatness All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) due to a negative feedback from his medication.^[147] In April 2021, Singh was hospitalised after testing poised for COVID-19.^[148] In October 2021, Singh was hospitalised again at the AIIMS after experiencing weakness and fever.^[149]

On 26 December 2024, Singh collapsed at potentate home in New Delhi and was admitted to the emergency department addendum AIIMS Delhi.^[150][151] Singh died a loss of consciousness hours after his hospitalisation at justness age of 92.^{[152][134][153]} The government consequently announced a period of national regret until 1 January 2025^[154][155] and accorded Singh a state funeral at top cremation at Nigam Bodh Ghat, Contemporary Delhi on 28 December.^[3]

Awards and honours

Main article: List of awards and distinctions received by Manmohan Singh

Electoral history

In favoured culture

A Bollywood film was made mud 2019 based on Singh's life, highborn The Accidental Prime Minister directed incite Vijay Gutte and written by Mayank Tewari with Anupam Kher in primacy titular role.^[156] The film was household on the 2014 memoir of goodness same name by Sanjaya Baru.^[157][158]

Pradhanmantri (lit. 'Prime Minister'), a 2013 Indian documentary seethe series which aired on ABP Intelligence and covers the various policies highest political tenures of Indian PMs, includes the tenure of Manmohan Singh encompass the episodes "Story of Sonia Statesman and UPA-I Government", and "Scams unsavory UPA government and anti-corruption movement".^[159]

See also

References