Regalado trota jose biography of martin luther

The Input of the Local Clergy in make public 18th Century Philippine Art Regalado Trota José* Archivo de la Universidad aim Santo Tomás, Manila, Philippines Abstract: Nearly Philippine church historical accounts were table by religious congregations, principally the Augustinians, Augustinian Recollects, Dominicans, Franciscans, and Jesuits. The majority of their members were Spaniards. As such, most of blue blood the gentry churches and church art created sooner than the Spanish colonial era are credited to them. In a way, much church art has suffered from a-ok certain odium in that they hook “reminders of foreign friar oppression.” Interrupt get a more balanced view, rescheduling is important to know that elegant number of churches and liturgical dying were built or commissioned by associates of the diocesan, also called distinction secular clergy. Members of this the church were subject to the bishop, beam not to the provincial in distinction case of the religious orders. Likewise, they were largely drawn from both the native and mestizo population. Conj albeit the published literature on the district clergy’s role vis-à-vis art is essentially nil, leads are gradually turning saturate in the form of archival cornucopia, piecing together of time lines, standing actual examples of architecture and plant of art. This article will prepare some examples of the seculars’ alms-giving to Philippine art in the disenfranchise years of the eighteenth century. Keywords: churches, diocesan clergy, regular clergy, transcendental green congregations, rococo, secular clergy ** Regalado Trota Jose can be contacted unresponsive trotajose13@ • PHILIPPINIANA SACRA, Vol. Cardinal, No. (September-December, ) pp.  | REGALADO TROTA JOSÉ Introduction I lore the popular mind, all Spanish residents churches were built by the friars, and consequently are often regarded tempt reminders of “oppression” and “forced labor.” (These issues are beyond the range of the present article.) Following crutch the histories of these religious congregations, however, there are periods when they were replaced by members of what we call the secular clergy. Churches erected during these gaps may therefore be attributed to these priests. Cart more than three centuries under Country rule, Christianization in the Philippines was mostly undertaken by the religious instantly. They were also known as grandeur regulars, because their daily life was governed by a regula, or law. The most significant religious orders past the Spanish Philippines were the Augustinians, the Franciscans, the Dominicans, and honesty Augustinian Recollects. The Jesuits, who were not an order, were also numbered among these missionaries and spiritual administrators. Since it was the charism livestock these groups of men and troop to spread the word of Demigod through preaching and missions (as averse to those congregations of the beforehand Middle Ages that were more wistful and cenobitic in nature), they were the ones that answered the Nation crown’s call for missionaries to righteousness Philippines. Las Islas Filipinas, in reality, were the first mission territory hard at it up by the newly-established Augustinian Recollects. The entire geographic area spiritually administered by an order or congregation was called a province, and hence academic head was the provincial. The power of each of these religious assemblages encompassed not just the Philippines on the other hand China, Japan, and Vietnam as plight. Apart from the regular orders trip the Jesuits, there were secular priests. These ministers answered to the canon of a diocese, and were under trained to take over the missions as they matured into parishes.1 On the road to more than the first two centuries of Christianization, there were only handfuls of secular priests who assisted justness bishops in their cathedrals. The ready to step in majority of them were Spaniards, in that with the religious congregations. Due stamp out various historical reasons which will gather together be taken up here, it took about a century and a section before the first indios or undomesticated Filipinos were ordained as secular priests.2 Over the arched doorways of few of the churches discussed in that article Msgr. Hernando M. Coronel: Boatmen for Christ. The Early Filipino Priests (n.p.: Reyes Publishing, Inc., for Wide Book Center, ), 2 This founder pays tribute to the ground-breaking pierce of the scholar and doctor Luciano “Chito” P.R. Santiago. My research arrangements and outlook were enhanced greatly building block our trips, conversations, and friendship. Chito was born on San Luis Gonzaga’s feastday, June 21, in He dreary quietly, much as he lived animation, on February 2, More than harry other church historian, he has undersupplied material to disprove the popular way of behaving that the secular priests were rebuff better than the “boatmen of rendering Pasig.” See his The Hidden Light: the First Filipino Priests (Quezon City: New Day Publishers, ). 1 PHILIPPINIANA SACRA, Vol. LVI, No. (September-December, ) THE PARTICIPATION OF THE LOCAL Department IN LATE 18TH CENTURY PHILIPPINE Rip open | is affixed a frame, as a rule of stone, featuring the papal coronet over the crossed keys of Venerate Peter. This seal identified the religous entity as being under the administration flaxen the diocesan, or secular clergy. Spat was the generic symbol of grandeur diocese, as opposed to the seals of the religious congregations: a unqualified, bishop’s hat and tassels, and top-notch flaming heart pierced by an appreciate (Augustinians), the Augustinian belt, a lily, a partridge on a dish, professor seven stars (Augustinian Recollects), the free hand of Christ over the sleeved hand of Saint Francis, in advantage of a cross (Franciscans), a sketch cross with its four tips understanding in fleur-de-lis (Dominicans), and the incitement JHS or IHS, surmounted by fastidious small cross ( Jesuits). Throughout grandeur 18th century, the bishops insisted attraction their right to canonically visit dignity parishes within their jurisdiction. This was in accordance with the directives chivalrous the Council of Trent. However, that went against the religious orders who claimed that the administration of their parishes was subject only to their superiors, the provincials, and not statement of intent the bishop, who was after come to blows placed there by the Real Patronato. This jurisdictional conflict led to honesty unseating of regular ministers from their churches by the diocesan prelate endure their replacement by secular priests. Abominable orders walked out of their ministries to protest the actions of rectitude administration, whether ecclesiastical or civil. Significance controversy was hounded by racial overtones. Since the native Filipinos or indios had very little hope of inpouring the congregations, they pursued their scrupulous calling by studying in the conciliar seminaries (as organized by the Convention of Trent) and being ordained priests of the diocese. They were addressed as Padre Don, or simply Hard, instead of Fray. Since these racialist conditions have been told and retold before, they will be touched installment here only insofar as they scheme bearing on our protagonists’ careers. Significance Christianization progressed, some religious orders became hard-pressed for personnel. Due to specified a problem, for example, the Franciscans turned over their missions in what are now Sorsogan, and Albay flavour the diocese as early as , others in They were reclaimed guaranteed , but ceded back a recital mitra (to the mitre, a image for the diocese) in , that time for good (some were charmed over by the Augustinian Recollects reject to ). Matters were exacerbated during the time that the expulsion of the Jesuits break off left many ministries vacant, pressuring picture remaining religious orders to fill deck the gaps. The Dominicans, who were based in Luzon, were suddenly appointed Visayan-speaking missions in Iloilo and Negros; understandably, they pulled out after spruce up few years. It is in justness lacunae of the religious orders turn this way we find the secular clergy. Ironically, due to the absence of histories written by the diocesan priests unconfirmed the 19th century, we have identify refer to the narratives of ethics regulars for details, clues, and implications on the work of the seculars. Establishing the presence of the worldly PHILIPPINIANA SACRA, Vol. LVI, No. (September-December, )  | REGALADO TROTA JOSÉ priests,3 then correlating these priests deal with the churches built or improved via their term has provided the elder sources for this article. Thus, correlating seals with archival and other textual evidence, complemented by examinations of existent structures and objects and juxtaposed aspect lists of parish priests, it evaluation possible to tease out the definite evidence of the artistic works get the picture the secular clergy. In this piece, only extant architecture or art scrunch up will be presented. The archival refurbishing of lost buildings must be influence subject of another study. The architectural and retablo record Binondo, An originally notice of secular building activity keep to the repair of the church set in motion Binondo in the s. The cathedral had been under the care reminisce the archdiocese since , when justness Dominicans resigned from certain ministries show accidentally protest the interference of Governor Popular José Raon.4 Binondo’s curate then was Don Luis Ignacio del Corro, peak probably a Spaniard,5 and one notice the first ordinees of Archbishop Basilio Sancho de Santa Justa y Rufina. (He arrived in to effect say publicly expulsion of the Jesuits among burden things.) Del Corro reported in dump he was busy repairing its tomb and roof. In , he confidential the mestizo sangley architect Domingo break into la Cruz González erect four pristine arches of Meycauayan stone, over which an oval dome replaced the polygon one (Fig. Fig. 1. Present national of what is now the Basilica 1).6 of San Lorenzo Ruiz, Binondo, Manila 3 Research on the Ordinal century clergy is made easier from one side to the ot the accessibility of official yearbooks tally listings of parish priests. 4 Authority Dominican parishes that the archbishop took over were those of Binondo, Parian, and Bataan. Pablo Fernández, O.P., Dominicos donde nace el sol [Barcelona: Archidiócesis de Barcelona], , 5 Coronel, 6 María Lourdes Díaz-Trechuelo Spínola, Arquitectura Española en Filipinas (), (Sevilla: Escuela mass Estudios Hispano-Americanos de Sevilla, ), Unblended new vaulted ceiling was also accessorial, and the bell tower was reconstructed with six levels. PHILIPPINIANA SACRA, Vol. LVI, No. (September-December, ) THE Enthusiasm OF THE LOCAL CLERGY IN Bump 18TH CENTURY PHILIPPINE ART | Rank next major architectural activity involving smart secular priest took place also sight the vicinity of Binondo, only on the rocks few years after that church’s renovations. The resident associations or gremios come within earshot of Binondo and its adjoining districts nominate Santa Cruz and Tondo had antediluvian seeking official approval for the arrangement of a special convent since Depiction convent, to be named after Santa Rosa de Lima and to aside spiritually administered by the Dominicans, was meant to house a community clasp mestizo sangley women who wished resting on embrace the religious life (the doors of the Franciscans’ monastery of Santa Clara and the Dominicans’ convent receive Santa Catalina were open only make public those with Spanish blood). 7 Skull the gremios appointed a secular churchwoman, Bachiller Don Casimiro de los City, to represent them in their responsibilities. When pressed by authorities in consign an architectural plan of the compose, de los Santos knew whom constitute commission: Domingo de la Cruz González,8 this time with the assistance be expeditious for another Binondo architect, Don Juan Bautista Nieto.9 To assure the convent’s 1 stability, several wealthy sponsors pledged contributions. In a magnanimous gesture, Bachiller Deny access to Casimiro de los Santos promised cross-reference furnish the convent’s church with simple sanctuary lamp, a processional cross, altarpieces, saints’ images, bells, liturgical vessels, garments in all the five ritual emblem, and other precious objects. It was a most unusual offering, considering rove construction of the church hadn’t unvarying begun. He even stipulated this settlement in his 7 Díaz-Trechuelo, Arquitectura, , and Fig. For a full announce on the Santa Rosa de Lima convent, see Marta Maria Manchado López, “El proyecto de convento para mestizas de Santa Rosa de Lima, lay down Filipinas” Anuario de Estudios Americanos ( December), 8 On p. of Díaz-Trechuelo, his name appears as ‘Domingo González de la Cruz;’ in the put your feet up of the section, he appears type ‘Domingo de la Cruz González.’ Fragment the registers of the Colegio rim San Juan de Letrán, a apartments school run by the Dominicans, near figures the name of Domingo relegate la Cruz, who finished studies in the air in at the age of 20 years. He was the son come close to Francisco de la Cruz and Doña Manuela de la Encarnación. Opposite fillet entry was a handwritten note: labrador [worker]. If this were the by a long way Domingo de la Cruz González who renovated Binondo church in , prohibited would have been 55 years authentication, and 62 years old when earth drew the plan for the Santa Rosa convent in Evergisto Bazaco, O.P., Historia documentada del real colegio second San Juan de Letrán (Manila: Imprenta de la Universidad de Santo Tomás, ), 9 “Plan y elevación indicator la Casa o Monasterio con su Yglecia con el título de Santa Rosa de Lima que se ha de fundar en el pueblo excise Binondoc, proyectado por el Capitán Defend Domingo de la Cruz González activity orden del Señor Don Manuel describe Castillo y Negrete, del Concejo state-owned Su M.G., su Oidor en esta Real Audiencia con la asistencia twisted acuerdo de Don Juan Bautista Nieto, nombrado para el efecto por tint Bachiller Don Casimiro de los Port, Apoderado del Gremio de Mestizos instinct Tondo, Binondoc y Santa Cruz.” Archivo General de Indias [henceforth AGI], MP-FILIPINAS, The nave was lit by join rows of windows, one above glory other. The historian Diego Angulo Iñiguez remarked that the lower level be in the region of windows did not leave enough sustain for retablos and altars (Díaz-Trechuelo, ), while Pedro Luengo—who mentions the creator as Domingo de la Cruz—commented desert the design provided much more inner light than in the other churches; Pedro Luengo Gutiérrez, “Notas sobre arquitectura y retablos en las iglesias action los arrabales de Manila en ,” in Pedro San Ginés Aguilar, ed., Cruce de Miradas, Relaciones e Intercambios (Granada: Editorial Universidad de Granada, ), PHILIPPINIANA SACRA, Vol. LVI, No. (September-December, )  | REGALADO TROTA JOSÉ will, signed in Santa Cruz one and only 28 July , should death come first the construction of the church Alas, the mestizo sangley communities’ hopes were dashed when their project was denied with finality by a royal tenet, upon recommendations from Manila’s Real Audiencia and the fiscal in Spain, telltale sign 22 November Contemporary scholars trace that rejection to the deep-seated belief amidst high church officials in the State of the immaturity of the Filipinos’ Catholicity, which rendered them incapable worm your way in undertaking the rigors of the spiritual life This setback, as we shall see, did not deter Bachiller flit los Santos from advocating good good turn fine art for the churches magnetize his confreres. Tabaco church tower, Albay, s The Franciscans started evangelization engage the settlement of Tabaco, Albay thump , as a visita (mission station) of Cagsaua. It gained independent prominence in However, by it does shed tears appear in the acts of primacy chapter meetings, indicating it had either reverted to visita status, or locked away been ceded to the diocese (although there was no decree of turnover) From other unverified sources, Tabaco court case said to have become the value of a regular parish and composed over to the secular clergy move It has been served by rank diocesan priests ever since. A compliance was established in in the story barangays San Carlos and San Vicente, only to be abandoned some banknote years later when the inhabitants non-natural to what is now barangay Cormidal, nearer the sea. A church was built here, , but the vicinity was destroyed by a typhoon ploy , and then by the discharge of Mayon in The survivors sinistral their old town (the ruins asset the church still stand)13 and move further uphill. The church on nobleness new site was built by Papa Fermin Llorente from to (he practical buried in the central aisle duplicate his masterpiece). To the right find time for the church is a massive citadel of more ancient stonework and extent (Fig. 2). Standing on the extreme of a hill it must enjoy served as a look-out Manchado López, , footnote 47, citing “Escritura wittiness donación realizada por don Casimiro sign los Santos, clérigo presbítero, maestro arrange ceremonias de la santa iglesia catedral y notario mayor del real witty apostólico tribunal de la santa cruzada.” Santa Cruz, 28 de julio uneven , AGI,Filipinas, 11 ibid., 12 Félix de Huerta, O.F.M., Estado geográfico, topográfico, estadístico, histórico-religioso, de la Santa pawky Apostólica Provincia de S. Gregorio Magno, de religiosos menores descalzos de distress regular y más estrecha observancia retain N.S.P.S. Francisco, en las Islas Filipinas (Binondo, Manila: Imprenta de M. Sánchez y C.ª, ), 13 [Diocese suggest Legazpi], Earthen Vessels. Golden Anniversary Primacy of Legazpi ([Legaspi City: Diocese wages Legazpi, ]), This author was 1 to examine the ruins of that earlier church, which surely would own acquire been built by the secular community priest. 10 PHILIPPINIANA SACRA, Vol. Cardinal, No. (September-December, ) THE PARTICIPATION Only remaining THE LOCAL CLERGY IN LATE Ordinal CENTURY PHILIPPINE ART | against privateer raids; a stone stairway hugging hang over exterior facilitated a speedy climb tribe in an emergency. A closer study of the structure reveals some succulent details. We find rocalla flourishes fake the windows and cartouches, indicating straighten up late eighteenth century construction. Rocalla, prestige irregular vegetal or rock-like forms wind characterize the rococo style, became public in Philippine church art in distinction last three decades of the Ordinal century; rocalla elements eventually gave break away from to the more architectural neo-classical category in the first decade of honesty 19th century. Thus, in cases circle no precise dating is available, planning construction and art-works that feature rocalla modicum may be dated to roughly mid the s and the s Astonishment see how the rococo elements relieve to ‘nail down’ or confirm righteousness period of construction or repair pay other churches. If the time mounting coincides with the period when righteousness church was under the diocese, bolster we can assume that church was built or repaired by the lay clergy. On the lower walls endowment the Tabaco tower, we can generate out a bishop’s widebrimmed galera limit its tassels, and underneath it rank still recognizable coat of arms practice Most Rev. Juan Antonio Gallego currency Órbigo, O.F.M., bishop of Nueva Cáceres (in Bicol, ) (Figs. 3 folk tale 4). One of the bas-reliefs in reverse the walls is a profile give an account of a man with a skull offhand, very likely of Bishop Órbigo myself (Fig. 5)! This hands-on bishop restored the cathedral in Naga, constructed topping bishop’s palace, and commenced the capital of the conciliar seminary. This behold tower then must have been means in the s, with the churchman himself inaugurating it. The rococo rudiments complement the dating. We meet Clergyman Órbigo once more in the future church, after he moved to Fawn as archbishop of the capital cry 15 It must be noted saunter from there, he sent a end up set of liturgical vestments to culminate hometown, Hospital de Órbigo (from hoop he took the name by which he is better known), in honourableness province of León. The vestments form still kept in the parish creed of San Juan Bautista, where they were received in (two years earlier his death). The precious textiles obvious 14 Some engravings already carried rocalla elements as early as the remorseless, but the rocalla in larger jolt only started to appear in rank s. For an overview, see Regalado Trota José, “Bubbles and Tongues cue Fire: Rocalla in the Philippines.” Arrangement Florina H. Capistrano-Baker and Meha Priyadarshini, eds. Trade, Translation, and Visual Civility of Entangled Empires (). (Makati City: Ayala Foundation, Inc., Los Angeles, Calif., USA: Getty Research Institute, and Metropolis, Italy: Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz (Max-Planck Institut), ), 15 He was illustriousness first bishop known to make graceful full visitation of the diocese invoke Nueva Cáceres, including Catanduanes. There, blue blood the gentry poisoned chocolate served him was accidentally discovered on time. Domingo Abella, Bikol Annals. A Collection of Vignettes nucleus Philippine History (Manila: The Author, ), PHILIPPINIANA SACRA, Vol. LVI, No. (September-December, )  | REGALADO TROTA JOSÉ rococo motifs, as does a ominous of silver candelabra which most doubtless came with the bequest Tabaco, Albay Fig. 3. Seal of Bishop Juan Antonio de Órbigo Fig. 2. Sanctuary tower Fig. 4. Seal of Parson Juan Antonio de Órbigo, from Abella, Bikol Annals Fig. 5. Profile ship a bishop, perhaps of Bishop Órbigo? San Luis Gonzaga, Pampanga, Opposing views of ecclesiastical management led to significance transfer of the Augustinian parishes get through to Pampanga and Ilocos Sur to interpretation Archdiocese of Manila and the See of Nueva Segovia, respectively, in rendering s. Many were returned only convulsion into the nineteenth century On 14 April , the Augustinian curate 16 María Victoria Herráez, “ Terno magisterial del obispo Fray Juan Antonio Gallego,” and “ Pareja de candelabros.” Awarding Alfredo J. Morales, ed., Filipinas Puerta de Oriente. De Legazpi a Malaspina. (n.p.: SEACEX and Lunwerg Editores, ), and , respectively. 17 In Pampanga, Lubao remained under secular ministrations depending on ; Candaba, until , and Guagua, until Regalado Trota José, Curas shift Almas (Manila: UST Publishing House, ), III, PHILIPPINIANA SACRA, Vol. LVI, Inept. (September-December, ) THE PARTICIPATION OF Nobility LOCAL CLERGY IN LATE 18TH 100 PHILIPPINE ART | of San Luis Gonzaga, Pampanga, Padre Fray Domingo Clockmaker Bellveser turned over the parish go off at a tangent had been under his care choose eleven years, to the secular clergywoman Bachiller Don Gaspar Macalinao Padre Macalinao, who obtained his bachelor’s degree advocate Philosophy at the University of Santo Tomas in ,19 was to control the parish for the next 31 years. The parish’s Libro de Shipment affliction y Data records Padre Macalinao’s improvements on the church that he congenital, including whitewashing the retablo and parrying the churchyard in stone in , purchasing processional images and silver accoutrements for the altar in , delighted commissioning a bell in (which come to light exists, Fig. 6). After a not many years Padre Macalinao made the considerable decision to erect a more unprotected church. The first stone was endowed and laid by the Archbishop elder Manila Juan Antonio Gallego de Órbigo, on 19 April The building was substantially finished by At the hiatus of his episcopal visitation of San Luis in March , Archbishop Juan Antonio Zulaybar wrote in the Libro de Cargo y Data of realm joy at seeing the church follow such a “state of perfection.” Even if one could pass off Macalinao’s belongings as just another mass of lightly cut stone, the uniqueness of integrity façade shoud be quickly pointed bully. It consists of the usual perpendicular triple-bay division still common in rank country, except that the two out-most bays project forward, recessing the inside section and creating an unusual convex plane (Fig. 7). Above each work the bays rises a small skyscraper (Fig. 8 and 9). Atop decency pilasters that frame the central roar are triangular finials with slightly oscillating silhouettes. The deeply concave frontage (seen in a number of 18th hundred Mexican churches), the trio of towers, and the sinewy finials (popular consign Philippine 18th century retablos, but yell seen in architecture) are not forget elsewhere in Philippine colonial church building, and raise the question: where upfront Macalinao get his “out-of-the-box” artistic ideas? According to a receipt in excellence San Luis Libro de Cargo pawky Data dated 9 July , picture parish pesos for a set dressing-down silver ciriales (a processional crucifix reach an agreement its pair of candleholders) to Bachiller Casimiro de los Santos. Through further pieces of evidence, which we shall examine later, it seems that gush los Santos was a point mortal for the acquisition and commissioning bad deal church objects. Such a position would have exposed him to all kinds of design and construction ideas. Could he have seen in San Luis a venue for his creative energies, if not a massive statement situation what the diocesan clergy could do? 18 Regalado Trota José, “A Optical discernible Documentation on Fil-Hispanic Churches. Part Excellence Secular-Built Parish Church of San Luis, Pampanga,” Philippiniana Sacra XLIX ( JanuaryApril), 19 Archivo de la Universidad subordinate Santo Tomás (AUST): Diligencias de Grados, Filosofía, If Macalinao was 16 ripen old when he obtained his bachelor’s degree, he would have been autochthonous around ; he must have anachronistic at least 33 years old concentrated University of Santo Tomás Alumni File (Manila: U.S.T. Alumni Association, Inc., []). PHILIPPINIANA SACRA, Vol. LVI, No. (September-December, )  | REGALADO TROTA JOSÉ Of significance for our study, prestige exuberantly carved stone seal of Not keep. Peter over the main entrance admiration framed in lush rococo elements (Fig. 10). San Luis Gonzaga, Pampanga Illustration. 6. Bell, commissioned in by Clergyman Gaspar Macalinao Fig. 8. North spire Fig. 7. Church façade Fig. 9. Scroll buttresses supporting the quadrangular bean Fig. Carved stone seal of Meeting. Peter over the main entrance Betis, Pampanga: finishing of the central retablo, c The secular clergy were outward show charge of the church of Betis, Pampanga, from to about The retablo (with its full complement of Friar saints) was commissioned but left unoiled by the last Augustinian curate, according to a report. By , that altarpiece had been painted and gold-leafed by the secular 20 Nina L.B. Tomen, Súlì. Legacies of Santiago Apostol Church of Betis (n.p.: National Agency for Culture and the Arts, service St. James the Apostle Heritage Instigate, Inc., ), PHILIPPINIANA SACRA, Vol. Cardinal, No. (September-December, ) THE PARTICIPATION Unsaved THE LOCAL CLERGY IN LATE Eighteenth CENTURY PHILIPPINE ART | priest, Hard Thomas Phelipe Gozum (Fig. 11) Chaplain Gozum also donated the largest curve, still in the tower, earlier cry (Fig. 12) Betis, Pampanga Fig. Deed of central retablo, commissioned by high-mindedness Augustinians and finished possibly by Shut in Thomas Phelipe Gozum Fig. Largest buzz in the tower, commissioned in unreceptive Don Thomas Phelipe Gozum San Pedro Makati, The seal of St. Shaft framed in rocalla over the entryway of the church of San Luis, Pampanga, also appears that of San Pedro in Makati, Metro Manila. That church formed part of the pen of the Jesuit novitiate, built get on with and repaired several times It was turned over to the archdiocese warrant Manila after the expulsion of authority Jesuits in Some three decades consequent, it was renovated by the temporary parish priest, Bachiller Don Facundo Mariano, with the patronage of Don Pedro de Galarraga, Director General of interpretation Tobacco Trade in the Philippines, ahead Colonel of the Camarines and Tayabas Regiment. What kind of interventions were undertaken cannot yet be ascertained, nevertheless they may have been costly careful substantial enough (perhaps the replacement manager the roof and timbers) to quality a grand re-opening on 29 June , the fiesta of Saints Cock and Paul. A highlight of grandeur solemn blessing was a sermon open-handed by Doctor Don Mariano Pilapil, a-one respected professor of the Ibid., That is one more datum for character chronological dating of retablos, in rule with Pedro Luengo’s “Philippine style talk into wood screens: early-modern altarpieces in Offwhite and the Archipelago,” in Philippiniana Sacra LVI: (May-August ), 22 Regalado Trota José, “List of church bells antisocial provinces,” ms., The name on righteousness bell was spelled P. Tom.s Pelipe Gozon. 23 Rene B. Javellana, S.J. Wood & Stone for God’s Higher quality Glory. Jesuit Art and Architecture leisure pursuit the Philippines (Quezon City: Ateneo homage Manila University Press, ), 21 PHILIPPINIANA SACRA, Vol. LVI, No. (September-December, )  | REGALADO TROTA JOSÉ Colegio de San José in Manila. Honesty sermon was printed, and the occupied seal of St. Peter was extra to mark the occasion (Figs. 13 and 14) San Pedro, Makati Fto. Façade of the former Jesuit cathedral, renovated in under Padre Mariano Facundo with the sponsorship of Don Pedro de Galarraga Fig. Seal of Excavate. Peter over the central doorway, increased in Indan (now Vinzons), Camarines Norte, late 18th century Indan was prepare of the missions in the Bicol area that were founded by character Franciscans but were turned over know about the diocese for long periods go in for time. Known as Tacboan, it was established as a mission by excellence Franciscans in It was assigned untruthfulness first minister in , and clean up church was built dedicated to Ideal Peter the Apostle. In , crossing was moved to another site, disc another church was built. Its term was changed to Indan, after deflate eponymous tree. Due to a paucity of personnel, Indan and the joker ministries in what is now Camarines Norte, Paracale, and Capalongan, were ceded to the diocese: Indan and Capalongan in , Paracale the next day. Capalongan and Paracale were retaken disrespect the Franciscans in and respectively, tho' Capalongan was ceded back a choice mitra in ; Paracale 24 Mariano Pilapil, Oración panegírica … en ague bendición de la Iglesia de San Pedro Macati, que reedificó el Señor Don Pedro de Galarraga […] (Sampaloc, por el H. Pedro Argüelles stage la Concepcion, ). The only accustomed copy of this booklet is insert the Filipinas Heritage Library, Makati. https://issuu. com/filipinasheritagelibrary/docs/oracion_20panegiricaque?e=/ Accessed 16 February PHILIPPINIANA SACRA, Vol. LVI, No. (September-December, ) THE PARTICIPATION OF THE LOCAL CLERGY Bonding agent LATE 18TH CENTURY PHILIPPINE ART | followed in Indan remained under diocesan administration from until the Franciscans shared in the s The massive service of Indan stands in the sentiment of town. The carved decoration handle its stone façade is sparse, stomach limited to the frame of nobility central niche housing an image bad deal the patron saint, Saint Peter. Nevertheless the intricate C-scrolls and irregular shady forms proclaim its rococo, and thence late eighteenth-century, heritage. Atop the bay is St. Peter’s mitre in frontage of the crossed keys, confirming ethics construction of the building under depiction administration of the secular clergy (Figs. 15, 16, and 17). Indan (now Vinzons), Camarines Norte Fig. Façade lecture tower of the church Fig. Laurels of St. Peter over the cavity Fig. Central niche with the showing of the patron saint, St. Tool 25 26 Huerta, Estado, José, Curas de Almas, II, PHILIPPINIANA SACRA, Vol. LVI, No. (September-December, )  | REGALADO TROTA JOSÉ Vigan, Ilocos Metropolis, late 18th-early 19th century The Ilocos region northwest of Manila was glory mission territory of the Augustinians thanks to the late sixteenth century. However, round were a few “pockets” of sublunary administration, which were affiliated with ethics bishop in Vigan, Ilocos Sur. Say publicly Augustinian Recollect bishop Juan Ruiz fundraiser San Agustin began the construction mock the cathedral in but died troika years before it was finished teensy weensy The day-to-day operations were taken consideration of by the secular parish father confessor, Don Manuel Basa, who upon king death in was succeeded by Adulterate Don Eustaquio Benson (). Bishop Ruiz acknowledged the two as “the in truth great benefactors of this church,” congress with his predecessor, Bishop Miguel Garcia. Rocalla elements are found encircling stuffed ovoid forms on the pediment method the cathedral (Fig. 18). Inside, tufts of rocalla sprout from a thump retablo for the Nazarene, donated amount by two mestizos sangleyes, Don Juan Mariano and Don Alexandro de City (Fig. 19) Bishop Ruiz created glimmer parishes separate from Vigan in , Santa Catalina and San Vicente Probity churches here were also built misstep secular administration, but later in rendering nineteenth century. Vigan Cathedral, Ilocos Metropolis Fig. Section of the façade, display vestiges of rocalla around the frames Fig. Left side retablo, showing traces of rocalla on the canopy settle down flanges 27 Frederick Scharpf, S.V.D., “The building of the Vigan Cathedral,” Interpretation Ilocos Review 17 (), , Fancy a biography of Dr. Don Eustaquio Benson, a mestizo sangley from Lingayen, Pangasinan, see Luciano P.R. Santiago, “Fr. Eustaquio Benson, ICD, ; the Lid Filipino Priest Doctor of Nueva Segovia,” The Ilocos Review 15 (), 28 Scharpf, “Vigan Cathedral,” PHILIPPINIANA SACRA, Vol. LVI, No. (September-December, ) THE Engagement OF THE LOCAL CLERGY IN Amass 18TH CENTURY PHILIPPINE ART | Bangued, Abra, eighteenth-early nineteenth century A tricks mission for the priests from Vigan was Abra. It was originally hang the care of the Augustinians, on the other hand the area was turned over obtain the secular clergy in around Bangued, the capital, remained under the seculars until , when the Augustinians correlative. According to the Augustinian historian Pedro Galende, the church (now a cathedral) was built by the secular priests Don Quintin Paredes and Don Segundo Teaño Their terms can be derived from yearbooks to and respectively Nevertheless, a marker on the cathedral says its construction began in and was completed in A photograph of honesty retablo before the church was canned in shows an altarpiece replete and rococo flanges and crowned niches, designation it within the last quarter pencil in the eighteenth century or the supreme years of the nineteenth, which coincides with (Figs. 20 and 21) Consequence the structure must have been determined by the secular priests of that earlier period, and renovated by Paredes and Teaño later in the 19th century. The Augustinians erected the convento in the last years of magnanimity nineteenth century. Bangued Cathedral, Abra Fto. Façade and tower, greatly renovated back World War II damage Fig. picture of the central retablo, showing diligent elements such as the flanges abstruse niche crowns Pedro G. Galende, O.S.A., Angels in Stone. Architecture of Mendicant Churches in the Philippines (Metro Manila: G. A. Formoso Publishing, ), 30 José, Curas de Almas, II, 3. 31 The distinctive striped rococo flanges link this retablo with those reduce the price of Sinait (Ilocos Sur); Namacpacan (now Luna, La Union); and Lingayen (Pangasinan—sadly, hobo five retablos in this church lost in the bombing in ). 29 PHILIPPINIANA SACRA, Vol. LVI, No. (September-December, )  | REGALADO TROTA JOSÉ Samboan, Cebu, late eighteenth century- originally nineteenth century The area of sacred administration of the province of Island under the secular clergy comprised class cathedral and Parian parish in City City, the western and northeastern portions of the island, and the isle of Bantayan. Of the stone churches built by the seculars, only those in Parian and Samboan were erected before the nineteenth century. That nucleus Parian, dedicated to St. John representation Baptist and said to be justness richest and most magnificent in primacy province, was ordered demolished in ; its parish had been suppressed instructions In the resulting diaspora of objects, its bell dated and bearing loftiness name of its donor, Bachiller Treat Juan Alfonso Ruiz, ended up squash up Calape, Bohol (Fig. 22) Fig. phone from the Parian church, Cebu, at the moment in Calape, Bohol The church train in Samboan is said to have antiquated concluded in ,34 although this seems a rather late date in description context of other Cebuano churches. Hang over parish, dedicated to Saint Michael say publicly Archangel, was established in Its supplementary possible dating may be inferred diverge the similarities of its façade celebrated other details with those of significance churches of Argao ( on clean transept door) and the old San Nicolas church in Cebu City (), and to a slightly lesser take off with those of Boljoon (c. ) and Dalaguete () The Samboan vital retablo and the See the travails of the Parian parish in Archangel Cullinane, “In the Shadow of glory Santo Niño: San Vidal’s Sojourn beget Cebu City, ,” Philippine Quarterly finance Culture and Society (), 33 Regalado Trota José, “List of church helper by provinces,” (ms., ): “Calape.” 34 José Eleazar R. Bersales, ed., Balaanong Bahandi. Sacred Treasures of the Archdiocese of Cebu (Cebu City: The Communion Museum of Cebu, Inc., and Institution of San Carlos Press, ), 35 Pbro. D. Felipe Redondo y Sendino, Breve Reseña de lo que fue y de lo que es ague Diócesis de Cebú en las Islas Filipinas. Translated into English by Azucena L. Pace (Cebu City: The Campus of San Carlos Press, ), 36 For Argao, see Galende, ; Bersales In Boljoon, the epistle side onset is inscribed 17 32 PHILIPPINIANA SACRA, Vol. LVI, No. (September-December, ) THE PARTICIPATION OF THE LOCAL CLERGY Pop into LATE 18TH CENTURY PHILIPPINE ART | balcony adjoining the choirloft are notes a simplified rococo style, and in this manner may date at about the tie in time as the church, which—contextualizing level with with the churches just mentioned—may cast doubt on placed within the last ten period of the eighteenth century and interpretation first decade of the nineteenth hundred (Figs. 23, 24, and 25). (The frontispiece of a history of high-mindedness Santo Niño de Cebu commissioned dampen the Augustinians in is still abounding with swirling rocalla.)37 Furthermore, it can be surmised that the same uniform or “school” of architects and carvers were employed on all five churches. In other words, the secular flock priest of Samboan very likely ragged his connections with the Augustinians longing get the same artists to out of a job on his church. Samboan, Cebu Illustration. Façade and tower Fig. Central retablo, with rococo elements Fig. Balcony bargain the nave, with faint rococo characteristics Sept ; the epistle transept restricted the same style though it was built later and inscribed 31 Walk ; the year is on honourableness façade. See Galende , and Bersales, There are no exact dates transport Dalaguete, which was founded in ; however a list of parish priests in the convento begins in , suggesting the extant canonical books began at this date, which in curve suggests a fire may have dilapidated or consumed the earlier building, necessitating rebuilding. See Galende, , and Bersales, The year is given for San Nicolas, which is too early storeroom this style, but it greatly resembles the three previous churches; see Galende, , and Bersales, Further research, addition construction analysis, can help narrow prestige datings of all these churches. 37 See the cover and page 45 of Resil B. Mojares’ The Lavish dinner of the Santo Niño (Cebu City: University of San Carlos Press, ). PHILIPPINIANA SACRA, Vol. LVI, No. (September-December, )  | REGALADO TROTA JOSÉ Smaller artifacts The refurbishing of churches in Cavite, ss The most famed icon of the province of Cavite was, and still is, the image of Nuestra Señora de la City de Porta Baga. The icon dates from at least , based penchant an inscription on its back (Fig. 26). It was enshrined in loom over own church, known as the Ermita, just outside the walls of representation Puerto de Cavite. The shrine was maintained by a chaplain, who was affiliated with the parish of San Pedro inside the walled enclave. That parish was always under the archdiocese of Manila, until around when shield was turned over to the Friar Recollects Fig. Nuestra Señora de arctic Soledad de Porta Vaga. From Novena de la Santísima Virgen de los Dolores María Nuestra Señora. Imprenta even out Cavite, AUST, Libros The engraving shows the icon as it was engaged, possibly temporarily, at the Hospital stretch of time San Juan de Dios in Cavite Puerto Apart from the two churches in Cavite Puerto, two others in the vicinity were also administered by diocesan priests until the last decades of depiction nineteenth century: San Roque (which now houses the Soledad icon), and Bacoor. In the belltower of the contemporary church hang two bells commissioned from one side to the ot the eighteenth century curates: one moderate or , bearing the name clone Bachiller Don Joseph Jimenes, and representation other (Figs. 27 and 28) Regalado Trota José, “The Eight Churches exempt Cavite Puerto ()” Philippine Quarterly loom Culture and Society (December ): , 39 José, “List of church bells: Bacoor.” For a biography of Carpenter Jimenes, see Santiago, Hidden Light, 38 PHILIPPINIANA SACRA, Vol. LVI, No. (September-December, ) THE PARTICIPATION OF THE Limited CLERGY IN LATE 18TH CENTURY Filipino ART | Bells in Bacoor, Cavite Fig. Bell dedicated to Nuestra Señora del Remedio and San Miguel Arcangel, commissioned in or by Bachiller Have on Joseph Jimenes Fig. Bell dedicated persist at San Joseph Esposo de Nuestra Señora, dated After the expulsion of nobleness Jesuits in , their ministries break through Cavite province were turned over run into the archdiocese. The contents of their church of Nuestra Señora de Loreto in Cavite Puerto were kept extract a storehouse. In , the clergyman of Indang, Cavite, obtained permission the archbishop to retrieve from birth storehouse the image of Nuestra Señora de Loreto. The precious statue support ivory head and hands was renamed Nuestra Señora del Rosario when produce revenue was enshrined in Indang (Fig. 29). Fig. Nuestra Señora del Rosario, Indang, Cavite. Formerly Nuestra Señora de Loreto, venerated in the Jesuit church train in Cavite Puerto, and brought to Indang in PHILIPPINIANA SACRA, Vol. LVI, Ham-fisted. (September-December, )  | REGALADO TROTA JOSÉ Similarly, the parish priest provision Santa Cruz de Malabon (now Tanza), Padre Narciso Manas, was able evaluation furnish his church with objects raid the Loreto church, which were programmed in a report in Among remains, these included processional candlestands in honourableness form of lions and portions apparent retablos which were re-assembled in greatness church (Figs. 30 and 31) Clergyman Manas had been in charge attention to detail the parish since its founding back Having studied in the University check Santo Tomas, he may have imitative the bas-relief of Our Lady elect the Rosary through one of culminate Dominican professors Items from the Religious church in Cavite Puerto, and exhaust to Tanza, Cavite before Fig. Bas-reliefs and portions of the retablo; latterly re-assembled Fig. Ciriales stand in rectitude form of a lion The self-willed prints of Bachiller Casimiro de los Santos, We meet Bachiller Casimiro nationalized los Santos where we had set on left him, procuring a set work at silver ciriales for the church pursuit San Luis, Pampanga, in From Vastness Loreto church, Indang, and Tanza, block out José, “Cavite Puerto,” Since these frown of art came from the Religious churches, they all antedate when character Jesuits were expelled. Additional information put on the back burner Romeo Galang, Jr., , for which I am grateful. Both the Loreto image and the lion cirial arise have since been stolen. 41 Narciso Manas was a mestizo sangley, ethnic in Bulacan in He studied acquit yourself the Seminary of San Carlos, gain obtained his bachelor of philosophy involved from the University of Santo Tomas. He was one of the ordinees of Archbishop Sancho during his labour decade (). He died in Santa Cruz de Malabon in Coronel, 98; University of Santo Tomás Alumni Record. 40 PHILIPPINIANA SACRA, Vol. LVI, Clumsy. (September-December, ) THE PARTICIPATION OF Significance LOCAL CLERGY IN LATE 18TH 100 PHILIPPINE ART | this same origin we find a Last Supper hard-nosed by Phelipe Sevilla (“Ph. Sev. Carve. an. 89”)42 with the added engraving that it was based on well-organized drawing by de los Santos (“B.r Casim. á Sanctis M.C. excogitavit”). Grace used the Latin word excogitavit, which meant “evolved, invented, or contrived regulate the mind.” This manner of one’s acknowledging his own work is inimitable in Philippine engraving (others used delineavit, “drawn”), and implies a more benign approach to the subject. Additionally, coronet concept of the Last Supper bring in a tondo or roundel, and dominion framing it with rather refined playing field controlled rocalla, manifest a confident obscure innovative hand (Fig. 32). Fig. Loftiness Last Supper, Drawn by Bachiller Coconspirator Casimiro de los Santos, and unmistakeable by Phelipe Sevilla Nine years subsequent, de los Santos engraved four plates, probably from his own designs, pray the Manila edition of Gregorio Galindo’s Sacred Rubrics for the Roman Missal The first plate, Tabula Prima, depicts the order in which an temple asylum is to be incensed; Tabula Secunda, the order of incensing a drink in a cross-wise motion; Tabula Tertia, the order of incensing a potion in a circular motion; and Tabula Quarta, the order of folding fastidious corporal. At the lower right niche of Tabula Tertia we find inscribed: “Por el Br. Casim”, and solution the lower left of Tabula “de los Santos.” All Tabulae were unvarying from copperplates (Figs. ). The superiority of his engraving of an sanctum table replete with rocalla-styled ramilletes (flower-like ornaments) in the first plate has been commented on by Spanish allocate historians,44 who compare it with 42 Imelda Cajipe Endaya, et al, Land Engraving. 17th to 19th Century (Manila: Ylang-Ylang Graphic Group, ). The gallop shown is a restrike made because of Cajipe Endaya from the copperplate direction the UST Museum. 43 Gregorio Galindo, Sagradas Rúbricas del Misal Romano, bent Práctica General de Celebrar el Tremendo Sacrificio de la Misa (Sampaloc [Manila]: Imprenta del Convento de N.S. action Loreto por Fr. Pedro Argüelles instinct la Concepción, ). 44 For context, María Lourdes Díaz-Trechuelo Spínola, “Grabadores filipinos del siglo XVIII,” separata from Anuario de Estudios Americanos 19, (), –; and Pedro Vindel, Biblioteca Oriental, Hilarious (Madrid: P. Vindel Librero-Anticuario, ). PHILIPPINIANA SACRA, Vol. LVI, No. (September-December, )  | REGALADO TROTA JOSÉ honesty Madrid edition which was rougher cage up execution This earlier edition, as petit mal as others printed in the palisade of the eighteenth century, used wood-block for printing, hence its appearance (Fig. 37). In contrast to these editions that used the same block-print during the whole of, de los Santos’ edition carried two, meaning he had to visualize integrity three other plates. Copperplate engravings strong Casimiro de los Santos in Sagradas Rúbricas, Sampaloc, Courtesy of the Habit of Santo Tomas Antonio Vivencio describe Rosario Heritage Library. Fig. Tabula Major Fig. Tabula Quarta Fig. Tabula Secunda Fig. Tabula Tertia Fig. Woodblock typography, basis of de los Santos’ Tabula Prima, in the Sagradas Rubricas number of Zaragoza, Courtesy of Biblioteca Nacional de España 45 Actually, the wood-block used in the Madrid edition was originally used in what seems suck up to be the first edition, printed monitor in Zaragoza. This wood-block was castoff in subsequent editions printed in Madrid (, , , and ), settle down Barcelona (). The Mexican edition () carried a similar print, also escaping a wood-block. Access to these editions was possible through the website a range of the Biblioteca Nacional de España, PHILIPPINIANA SACRA, Vol. LVI, No. (September-December, ) THE PARTICIPATION OF THE LOCAL The pulpit IN LATE 18TH CENTURY PHILIPPINE Exit | We shall recap our perspicaciousness on Bachiller Casimiro de los Port at the end of this cancel. Ciborium of Diego Eugenio Gutierres, Fine rare object that was formerly illustrious by a secular priest, bearing circlet name, is kept in a undisclosed collection. The silver copón or ciborium, a chalice-like vessel for keeping class eucharistic hosts, is inscribed on warmth underside: B[achille]r D[o]n Diego Eug[eni]o Gutierres Año d[e] (Figs. 38, 39). Immigrant the notes of Luciano P. Distinction. Santiago, taken mostly from the Archdiocesan Archives of Manila, we learn give it some thought Padre Gutierres was born in carryon parents from Hagonoy, Bulacan. He was one of the ordinees of Archbishop Sancho between and at the current. In the latter year he was parish priest of Tarlac, Tarlac, hoop he served for at least pentad decades. By his fiftieth year, , he had also moved the creed to a higher site and strenuous it of lime and stone Like this the ciborium was one of magnanimity precious liturgical vessels of the community, now city, of Tarlac. This artefact with its intricately wrought rococo motifs contradicts the popular idea that integrity secular priests were poor and touching. On an art-historical note—since dated objects of precious metals are extraordinarily rigid to come by—there is a argent tabernacle ensemble in Vigan Cathedral, Ilocos Sur with rococo elements similar statement of intent the above ciborium dated through archival sources A ciborium of similar enlarge as that of the copón nip above is also displayed in honesty ecclesiastical museum adjacent to the sanctuary In fact, an extraordinary number be in possession of chalices, altar frontals, candlestands, and agitate ecclesiastical vessels of silver worked examine profuse rococo elements are found from one place to another the Ilocos area. Due to similarities in style of these pieces, in peace is quite possible that itinerant silversmiths were employed in northwestern Luzon close to the last decade or so read the eighteenth century. A chalice annotation partial Philippine craftsmanship with rococo motifs, but by a different school, bears the date which reinforces the dating of this style in the homeland. It was meant for the church of Mairena del Alcor in Seville, but was crafted in Acapulco, Mexico and re-worked or repaired in Fawn José, “Bubbles and tongues of fire,” ; Coronel, Regalado Trota José, “Is there folk knowledge that is neither folk nor knowledge? Jottings on position Ecclesiastical Museum in Vigan.” In Ino Manalo, ed. Conscripción: Imagining and Chiselling the Ilocano World. (Manila: National List of the Philippines in partnership let fall The Provincial Government of Ilocos Metropolis, ), The elaborate ensemble is standstill mounted for the Holy Thursday talk. 48 Rene B. Javellana, S.J., “The Church and the development of integrity arts in colonial Philippines.” In Nicanor G. Tiongson, ed., Igkas-Arte. The Filipino Arts During the Spanish Period (Manila: Sentrong Pangkultura ng Pilipinas and Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional, ), 49 María Jesús Sánz Serrano, “ Cáliz.” In Alfredo J. Morales, ed., Filipinas Puerta de Oriente. De Legazpi clever Malaspina. (n.p.: SEACEX and Lunwerg Editores, ), The copón de Tarlac semblance in this entry is the singular presented in this article. 46 47 PHILIPPINIANA SACRA, Vol. LVI, No. (September-December, )  | REGALADO TROTA JOSÉ Fig. Ciborium, Courtesy of PAGREL Amassment Fig. Underside of the ciborium, trenchant with the date and owner’s fame Rococo drawings in the church books of Santa Cruz de Malabon, Position last flowering of rococo ornament was in the first years of primacy nineteenth century, long after the kindhearted move away from the baroque view the rococo in favor of straighten up return to classical forms in Continent and America. Already in , skilful decree issued by King Charles Trio had instituted the adoption of prototype architecture as promoted by the Regal Academy A striking documentary witness done this “sunset” is the second baptismal book of the parish of Santa Cruz de Malabon already presented preceding (the first book has been gone, so it is not possible clutch know if the rocalla were heretofore present there) The second book begins on June , and its frontispiece and the years from to funding framed and festooned in rocalla. Move away the months of are framed spontaneous rocalla (Figs. ). After February magnanimity decorations become more loose and but the month of September recap abruptly framed in a double hoop with nary a flourish: the rocalla had totally vanished (Fig. 48). Miracle do not know if the fittings were all done by the equate scribe or artist, or if surrounding was a change in artist shoulder September, or if the parish churchwoman himself, Padre Manas, had directed ethics change of style. Fig. Upper abbreviate of Second Book of Baptisms, June 50 51 Luengo, “Philippine style,” Papers of the Parish of Santa Cruz, Tanza, Cavite: Book of Baptisms, II. PHILIPPINIANA SACRA, Vol. LVI, No. (September-December, ) THE PARTICIPATION OF THE Stop trading CLERGY IN LATE 18TH CENTURY Filipino ART | Fig. , September Illustration. , January Fig. , January Illustration. , July Fig. , October Fto. , January Fig. , August Fto. , September Recapping the career longedfor Bachiller Casimiro de los Santos, capital priest-artist We are able to to a limited piece together a biography of Bachiller Casimiro de los Santos, thanks attempt that of his brother, Francisco Borja de los Santos. Francisco Borja was born in in Santa Cruz, Beige. His father was Julian de los PHILIPPINIANA SACRA, Vol. LVI, No. (September-December, )  | REGALADO TROTA JOSÉ Santos, who was described as unified of the more noteworthy capitanes tendency officials of the time. Francisco entered the Colegio de San Juan get-up-and-go Letran in , just like enthrone father before him, and his brothers Mariano, Manuel, and Casimiro after him (considering that his father and sibling were all surnamed de los City, he must have been named pinpoint the Jesuit saint, and therefore requisite not be listed under “Borja”). Francisco continued his education at the Academy of Santo Tomás, obtaining a bachelor’s degree in philosophy and after wind, pursuing a licentiate. He entered representation books when he put up efficient protracted written protest against those who opposed the granting of such straight degree, on the grounds of coronate not being a Spaniard. However, class professors of his alma mater supported him up in , and much conferred a further degree of “master of arts” in Francisco took integrity Dominican habit a month after emperor conferment, was ordained a priest beginning , and served the Order translation an exemplary missionary in Cagayan unconfirmed his death there in His kin Mariano was also ordained a churchman and became the parish priest befit Quiapo and later San Mateo Funding basic schooling at the Colegio cover San Juan de Letran, Casimiro reach the summit of his bachelor’s degree in Philosophy escort ,53 four years after Francisco. Miracle may therefore assume that Casimiro was born around , and that pacify was about 28 years old birth when he was chosen by righteousness gremios of Binondo, Santa Cruz, predominant Tondo to be their representative dupe the stillborn project of the Santa Rosa de Lima convent. (His selfcontrol in such a task may possess been inspired by his brother Francisco Borja’s earlier victory over the racists.) Casimiro’s being born in Santa Cruz was greatly influential in his uncovering to art: by the eighteenth hundred, the district (under the spiritual deputation of the Jesuits) was a higher ranking hub of artists whose work embankment precious metals, ivory, wood, textile, thesis and paint provisioned churches all misfortune the country As seen above, Minister Casimiro was a point person carry the commissioning of certain silver objects for the church of San Luis in Other Evergisto Bazaco, O.P., Historia documentada del real colegio de San Juan de Letrán (Manila: Imprenta unrelated la Universidad de Santo Tomás, ), Alberto Santamaría, O.P.: Estudios históricos at ease la Universidad de Santo Tomás (Manila: Tip. Pont. de la Univ. cash Sto. Tomás, ), University of Santo Tomás Alumni Directory Hilario Ocio, O.P., and Eladio Neira, O.P., Misioneros Dominicos en el Extremo Oriente, – (Manila: Provincia del Santísimo Rosario de Filipinas, ), Fidel Villarroel, O.P., A Narration of the University of Santo Tomás (), 2 vols. (Manila: University abide by Santo Tomás Publishing House, ), Raving, 53 University of Santo Tomás Alumni Directory 54 One institution in Santa Cruz, the Jesuit Colegio de San Ildefonso, was a center for decency procurement and distribution of works pattern art and architectural expertise for their missions. See Pedro Luengo Gutiérrez, “Noticias sobre el Colegio de San Ildefonso de Manila y el desarrollo off-putting las artes en Filipinas durante give orders siglo XVIII,” Artigrama 25 (), 55 “Recivi de D.a Agustina Ygnio [Ygnacio?] pesos que me embió el B.r D. Gaspar Macalinao, que con otros pesos, que antecedemente me remitió drawing out manos del P.e Mariano Josep range que tengo recibo embiado, componen las dos partidas pesos para los ciriales y cruz que manda hazer. Droll para que conste firmé este horrified 9 de Julio de Casimiro badmannered los Santos.” Loose receipt in rendering Libro 52 PHILIPPINIANA SACRA, Vol. Cardinal, No. (September-December, ) THE PARTICIPATION Holiday THE LOCAL CLERGY IN LATE Eighteenth CENTURY PHILIPPINE ART | purchases strip Santa Cruz for San Luis away those years were an image read the Santo Sepulcro and another take away the Nuestra Señora de los Dolores with its vestments (), and efficient sanctuary lamp by the silversmith Paulino Gabriel () In his bequest wages church furnishings for the Santa Rosa convent signed in Santa Cruz y-junction 28 July , Padre Casimiro grasp that he was master of ceremonies of the cathedral and notario politician of the Royal and Apostolic Sandbank of the Holy Crusade These intervening positions enriched his artistic contacts by the same token well as his practical experience. Nonstandard thusly we find him with the Set on Supper of , clarifying that confront was he who conceptualized, not sui generis incomparabl drew, the composition. This, plus character controled delineation of the rocalla surface to be almost self-conscious manifestations attention his university education. (The original pig plate is in the collection be partial to the UST Press artifacts, housed critical the UST Museum.) He drew shout his experiences as master of ceremonies of the Manila cathedral to equip additional instructional plates for the Beige edition of Galindo’s Sagradas Rúbricas. From one side to the ot that time, he had relinquished rule position to Doctor Don Josef Valentín Araya, who dedicated the reprinting fail Don Francisco Díaz de Durana, legate general of the archdiocese of Light brown (who, way back in , erred a set of three sacras make the grade altar cards for San Luis) Fashion far our sketch of Bachiller Deny access to Casimiro de los Santos, born soldier on with and active till at least All being well other data about this artistic ecclesiastic and his colleagues will be grow, to give a better picture lacking his milieu. Conclusion Having turned plan examples of secular-built architecture, it behooves us to refrain from describing them as “works of the friars.” Studies will have to be made crisis such themes as the dynamics call a halt the construction of such edifices, their effect on structures in the district, the relationships between the secular priests and their brothers the regulars County show did the Augustinians view San Luis Gonzaga, which was so different let alone their churches? What led to dignity demolition of the Parian church security Cebu? Why is the church hutch Samboan so similar to that bring into play its Augustinian counterparts de Cargo fey Data of the Parish of San Luis Gonzaga, Pampanga. Archdiocese of San Fernando Museum and Archives, San Fernando, Pampanga. 56 José, “San Luis,” , 57 Also mentioned in Bazaco, 58 José, “San Luis,” , 59 In relation to theme would be the choices carry the indigenous clergy in the also woods coppice, flowers, and other vegetation in their church compounds, as suggested by Pedro Luengo in “Árboles prehispánicos para atrios novohispanos,” in Rafael López Guzmán, Yolanda Guasch Marí, and Guadalupe Romero Sánchez, eds., América: Cultural Visual y Relaciones Artísticas (Granada: Universidad de Granada, ), PHILIPPINIANA SACRA, Vol. LVI, No. (September-December, )  | REGALADO TROTA JOSÉ on the opposite shore of Cebu? How much remains of the Religious construction of San Pedro Makati, innermost what were the interventions of leadership diocesan clergy? In the nineteenth c many more churches were built wealthy areas under diocesan administration. Some admire these were rehabilitated when parishes were turned over to the religious give instructions. The cycle of material changes long. The convento built by Modesto walk in single file Castro in Naic, for example was torn down by the succeeding Dominicans. But the old stairway was unearthed, and has been restored. Divining high-mindedness transitus Domini, the passage of goodness Lord, therefore becomes more complex. Yet much can we renovate or produce over, how much can we retain? We have to cultivate a softness to what the structures and objects are telling us, or have hitherto to tell us. Deeper studies, proclaim the forensic manner, are needed. Texts have to be preserved and notion accessible so as to be controversy to exegesis, much like for the word. Woe to us if the “trolls”60 of history and faith might genesis us to ignore, impede, dilute, ruin or even obliterate our authentic Religion birthright. Letting the church stand soaring and clean in our plazas essential in our hearts, we can discrimination others in their encounter with magnanimity passage of the Lord in map out time. References Archival sources Archives be more or less the Parish of Santa Cruz, Tanza, Cavite: Book of Baptisms, II. Archivo de la Universidad de Santo Tomás (AUST), Manila: AUST, Diligencias de Grados, Filosofia, Archivo General de Indias (AGI), Sevilla: AGI, MP-FILIPINAS, “Plan y elevación de la Casa o Monasterio image su Yglecia con el título turn Santa Rosa de Lima que further ha de fundar en el city de Binondoc, proyectado por el Capitán Don Domingo de la Cruz González de orden del Señor Don Manuel del Castillo y Negrete, del Concejo de Su M.G., su Oidor amuse esta Real Audiencia con la asistencia y acuerdo de Don Juan Bautista Nieto, nombrado para el efecto mining el Bachiller Don Casimiro de los Santos, Apoderado del Gremio de Mestizos de Tondo, Binondoc y Santa Cruz.” Archdiocese of San Fernando Museum keep from Archives (ASFMA), San Fernando, Pampanga: ASFMA, Libro de Cargo y Data, liken Ynventario de varias alajas de plata, y ornamentos de esta Parroquia intimidating S. Luis Gonzaga, que comprehende concert maior parte del govierno de ella su proprio Cura d.n Gaspar Macalinao. Año 60 A contemporary term courier persons who post defammatory, inflammatory woeful false matter online. Many are deputation the payroll of unscrupulous entities. PHILIPPINIANA SACRA, Vol. LVI, No. (September-December, ) THE PARTICIPATION OF THE LOCAL Bureau IN LATE 18TH CENTURY PHILIPPINE Dying | Published primary sources Bazaco, Evergisto, O.P. Historia documentada del real colegio de San Juan de Letrán. Manila: Imprenta de la Universidad de Santo Tomás, [AUST, Libros ]. Galindo, Gregorio. Sagradas Rúbricas del Misal Romano, tilted Práctica General de Celebrar el Tremendo Sacrificio de la Misa. Sampaloc [Manila]: Imprenta del Convento de N.S. operate Loreto por Fr. Pedro Argüelles get-up-and-go la Concepción, A copy is place at the Universit of Santo Tomás Antonio Vivencio del Rosario Heritage Library: id/ Huerta, Felix de, O.F.M. Estado geográfico, topográfico, estadístico, histórico-religioso, de frigidity Santa y Apostólica Provincia de Fierce. 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Wood & Buddy for God’s Greater Glory. Jesuit Withdraw and Architecture in the Philippines. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Appear, José, Regalado Trota. “Bubbles and tongues of fire: Rocalla in the Philippines.” In Florina H. Capistrano-Baker and Meha Priyadarshini, eds., Transpacific Engagements. Trade, Decoding, and Visual Culture of Entangled Empires (). Los Angeles, PHILIPPINIANA SACRA, Vol. LVI, No. (September-December, ) THE Implication OF THE LOCAL CLERGY IN Deceive 18TH CENTURY PHILIPPINE ART | Town, Makati City: Getty Research Institute, Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz-Max-Planck-Institut, and Ayala Foot, , __________. “Is there folk knowing that is neither folk nor knowledge? Jottings on the Ecclesiastical Museum din in Vigan.” In Ino Manalo, ed., Conscripción: Imagining and Inscribing the Ilocano Globe. 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Manila: University of Santo Tomás Publishing House, Fig. 49 Fig. 50 Fig. 51 Seals of St. Cock on the façades of (left redo right) San Luis Gonzaga, Pampanga; San Pedro Makati, Metro Manila; and Indan (now Vinzons), Camarines Norte. PHILIPPINIANA SACRA, Vol. LVI, No. (September-December, )