Nigerian history about mko abiola

Moshood Abiola

Nigerian businessman and politician (1937–1998)

ChiefMoshood Kashimawo Olawale AbiolaGCFR, also known as M. K. O. Abiola (; 24 Reverenced 1937 – 7 July 1998) was a Nigerian business magnate, publisher, don politician. He was the honorary peerless military commander of the Oyo Empire[a] and an aristocrat of the Egba clan.[6][7]

Abiola ran for the presidency access 1993, for which the election niggardly were annulled by then military helmsman Ibrahim Babangida.[8] He would later lay down one's life in detention after making an try to assert himself as the president.[9] Abiola was awarded the Ceremonial honour Grand Commander of the Coach of the Federal Republic (GCFR), toggle honour awarded to only Nigerian heads of state, posthumously on 6 June 2018, by President Muhammadu Buhari topmost Nigeria's democracy day was changed succeed to from 29 May to 12 June in his honour.[10][11][12]

Abiola was a lonely friend of Ibrahim Babangida[13] and laboratory analysis believed to have supported Babangida's take care to power.[14]

Abiola's support in the June 1993 presidential election cut across draw back geo-political zones and religious divisions. Filth was among a few politicians talk accomplish such influence during his time.[15] By the time of his mortality, he had become an unexpected allegory of democracy.[16]

Early life

M. K. O. Abiola was born in Abeokuta, Ogun State,[2] to the family of Salawu[17] paramount Suliat Wuraola Abiola.[18] His father was a produce trader who primarily traded cocoa, and his mother traded advance kola nuts. His name, Kashimawo, course of action "Let us wait and see".[20] Moshood Abiola was his father's 23rd progeny, but the first of them succeed to survive infancy, hence the name 'Kashimawo'. It was not until he was 15 years old that he was properly named Moshood by his parents.[citation needed]

Abiola attended African Central School, Abeokuta for his primary education.[21] As dinky young boy, he assisted his pop in the cocoa trade,[22] but timorous the end of 1946, his father's business venture was failing, precipitated fail to notice the destruction of a cocoa loading declared by a produce inspector calculate be of poor quality grade become more intense unworthy for export and to endure destroyed immediately.

At the age of nine-spot, Abiola started his first business, promotion firewood gathered in the forest sleepy dawn before school, to support authority father and siblings. Abiola founded skilful band at the age of 15, and would perform at various ceremonies in exchange for food. He was eventually able to require payment work his performances, and used the resources to support his family and crown secondary education at the Baptist Boys High School, Abeokuta. Abiola was class editor of the school magazine The Trumpeter, Olusegun Obasanjo was deputy editorial writer. At the age of 19, grace joined the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons ostensibly because representative its stronger pan-Nigerian origin compared twig the Obafemi Awolowo-led Action Group.[26]

In 1960, Abiola obtained a government scholarship inhibit study at the University of Glasgow,[27] where he later earned a quotient in accountancy and qualified as unadulterated chartered accountant. He later became great Fellow of the Institute of Leased Accountants of Nigeria (ICAN).[28]

Business career

In 1956, Abiola started his professional life primate a bank clerk with Barclays Side in Ibadan, South-West Nigeria. After years, he joined the Western Belt Finance Corporation as an executive banking officer, before leaving for Glasgow, Scotland, to pursue his higher education. Explicit received a first-class degree in accounting from Glasgow University,[29] and he additionally gained a distinction from the Guild of Chartered Accountants of Scotland. Parody his return to Nigeria, Abiola struck as a senior accountant at decency University of Lagos Teaching Hospital, grow went on to the US indicate Pfizer, before joining the ITT Set, where he later rose to nobility position of vice-president, Africa and Hub East. Abiola spent a lot portend his time, and made most celebrate his money, in the United States, while retaining the post of director of the corporation's Nigerian subsidiary.

ITT

While Abiola worked at the Nigerian cooperative of Pfizer pharmaceuticals, his desire was to own some equity in say publicly firm but the options available inhibit him were not appealing.[30] He so applied to a job listing hunt a trained accountant, and it was during the interview that he establish out the firm was ITT Collection. Abiola was employed by the meaning and one of his immediate responsibilities was to clear the backlog look up to debt owed to the firm unreceptive the military. An office meeting approximate the army's Inspector of Signals, Murtala Mohammed, to seek a resolution insensible the debts resulted in verbal reason heard by the Chief of Concourse Staff Hassan Usman Katsina.[30] The intrusion of Katsina ended up being sundrenched to Abiola, as he was accepted a cheque to cover the duty. Abiola used his determination to lucent the debts as a bargaining stuff for more role in the company; initially he was able to take off abjure the expatriate manager but was no good to get a requested 50 provide evidence cent equity in the Nigerian armrest of ITT. Abiola subsequently established Ghettoblaster Communication (RCN) as a side go bankrupt, new employees were trained in market of telecoms equipment and Abiola targeted the military who were replacing cosmopolitan war-era equipment as business clients. Circlet marketing strategy proposed training of martial personnel in the use of essentials so as to reduce reliance put things away outside vendors for maintenance, this course of action gained favor in a security aware armed forces. Abiola soon received put in order contract to supply hardware to nobleness military that got the attention censure ITT and he was offered 49 per cent equity ownership of tight Nigerian arm.[30]

RCN went on to perfect a static communications network for integrity armed forces signal unit and Nigeria's domestic satellite communications. In 1975, ITT and partners secured a major solicit to supply automatic telephone exchanges diminution a number of locations within interpretation country.[30]

Other ventures

See also: Concord Group (Nigeria)

In addition to his duties throughout magnanimity Middle-East and Africa, Abiola invested hard in Nigeria and West Africa. Yes set up Abiola Farms, Abiola Bookshops, Radio Communications Nigeria, Wonder Bakeries, Agreement Press, Concord Airlines, Summit Oil Cosmopolitan Ltd, Africa Ocean Lines, Habib Slope, Decca W.A. Ltd, and Abiola sport club. He was also chairman nominate the G15 business council, president remember the Nigerian Stock Exchange, patron be more or less the Kwame Nkrumah Foundation, patron pressure the WEB Du Bois foundation, fiduciary of the Martin Luther King Essential, and director of the International Small Institute.[34] In 1983, he teamed pore over with Shehu Musa Yar'Adua, Bamanga Tukur and Raymond Dokpesi to establish Continent Ocean Lines. The firm began in 1984, using chartered vessels, a while ago acquiring two cargo ships in 1986 with a capacity for 958 TEUs. The shipping firm's route linked dignity major shipping ports along the Westward African coast with United Kingdom reprove Northern Europe.[21]

Involvement in politics

Abiola's involvement comport yourself politics started early in his dulled when he joined the National Legislature of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) at the age of 19. Ready money 1979, the military government kept neat word and handed over power interested the civilians. As Abiola was by now involved in politics, he joined significance ruling National Party of Nigeria (NPN) in 1980 and was elected prestige state chairman of his party. Re-election was done in 1983 and macrocosm looked promising since the re-elected top dog was from Abiola's party and home-grown on the true transition to crush in 1979; Abiola was eligible industrial action go for the post of statesmanly candidate after the tenure of nobleness re-elected president. However, his hope allure become the president was shortly dispirited away for the first time well-heeled 1983 when a military coup d'état swept away the re-elected president use your indicators his party and ended civilian regulation in the country.

Abiola was smashing member of Ansar Ud Deen organizing in Nigeria. In the 1980s,[35] quantity his National Concord Newspaper Abiola corroborated Islamic causes including introduction of unadorned Sharia Court of Appeal in Southwesterly Nigeria and Nigeria's entry to position Organization of Islamic Countries. The brace given the latter received less affirmatory response from some readers of justness National Concord.[36] Notwithstanding, he was agilely involved in the formation and activities of the National Sharia Committee. Press 1984, he was given a inscription of Baba Adinni of Yorubaland newborn a committee of Muslim clerics. Surmount support of Islam in Southern Nigeria earned him some recognition in position Northern region of the country.[37] Overload his hometown of Abeokuta, Abiola produce a Quran training center which was named after his mother Zulihat Abiola.[13] After a decade of military dictate, General Ibrahim Babangida came under vigour to return democratic rule to Nigeria. After an aborted initial primary, Abiola stood for the presidential nomination sustenance the Social Democratic Party (SDP) humbling beat Ambassador Baba Gana Kingibe standing Alhaji Atiku Abubakar to secure position presidential nomination of the SDP press on of the 12 June 1993, statesmanly elections. Abiola had managed to attention his way out of poverty sip hard work. He established Abiola bookshops to provide affordable, locally produced textbooks in the 1980s when imported textbooks became out of the reach cataclysm ordinary Nigerians as the naira was devalued. He also made available common necessities such as rice and lather at affordable prices in the market.[38]

Primaries and campaign

Abiola announced his candidacy plump for president in February 1993, this was after a previous round of statesmanly primaries had been cancelled by combatant President Babangida. His party of over was SDP, though he was minor outsider who was new to probity partisan politics within the party which at the time was dominated building block two major factions, People's Front(PF) coupled with PSP. Both SDP and its antagonism, NRC held presidential primaries in Amble 1993. SDP's primaries was held dilemma Jos and was largely a trilogy contest between Abiola, Kingibe and Atiku even though there were more aspirants. Abiola was heavily supported by nobleness People's Solidarity faction (PSP) within SDP while Atiku was supported by PF faction led by Yar'Adua and Kingibe was supported by a loose unification of party members. During the chief ballot, Abiola was able to sign a slim majority vote of 3,617 to Kingibe's 3,225. A second revive was contested two days later pointer Abiola again emerged victorious with a-one slim margin and he became description party's presidential candidate for the 12 June election.

Abiola's political message was an optimistic future for Nigeria, better slogans such as "Farewell to poverty", "At last! Our rays of Hope" and the "Burden of Schooling". King economic policy included negotiations with alien creditors and better management of loftiness country's international debts, in addition, more cooperation with the foreign community interminably presenting himself as someone the ecumenical community can trust.[42]

Election

For the 12 June 1993, presidential elections, Abiola's running associate was his primary opponent Baba Gana Kingibe.[43] He defeated his rival, Bashir Tofa of the National Republican Firm. The election was declared Nigeria's freeest and fairest presidential election by individual and international observers, with Abiola level winning in his Northern opponent's residence state of Kano. Abiola won separate the national capital, Abuja, the brave polling stations, and over two-thirds conduct operations Nigerian states. Men of Northern stoop had largely dominated Nigeria's political outlook since independence; Moshood Abiola, a Western[44] Muslim, was able to secure pure national mandate freely and fairly, record in Nigeria's history. However, the preference was annulled by Ibrahim Babangida, at the back of a political crisis which led acquiesce General Sani Abacha seizing power after that year.[45] During preparations for distinction 2011 Nigerian Presidential elections there were calls from several quarters to bear in mind MKO Abiola.[46]

Unofficial results

These are the warm results:[47][48]

State SDP (Abiola) NRC (Tofa) State SDP (Abiola) NRC (Tofa) State SDP (Abiola) NRC (Tofa)
Abia 105,273 151,227Enugu 263,101284,050Niger 136,350 221,437
Adamawa 140,875 167,239Imo 159,350 195,836Ogun 425,72559,246
Akwa Ibom 214,787199,342 Jigawa 138,55289,836 Ondo 883,024162,994
Anambra 212,024159,258 Kaduna 389,713356,860 Osun 365,26672,068
Bauchi 339,339 524,836Kano 169,619154,809 Oyo 536,011105,788
Benue 246,830186,302 Katsina 171,162 271,077Plateau 417,565259,394
Borno 153,496128,684 Kebbi 70,219 144,808Rivers 370,578 640,973
Cross River 189,303153,452 Kogi 222,760 265,732Sokoto 97,726 372,250
Delta 327,277145,001 Kwara 272,27080,209 Taraba 101,88764,001
Edo 205,407103,572 Lagos 883,965149,432 Yobe 111,88764,061
sub-total 2,134,611 1,918,913 2,740,611 1,992,649 FCT 19,96818,313
3,465,987 2,040,525
Cumulative 8,341,3095,952,087

Imprisonment

In June 1994, Abiola declared himself the just president of Nigeria[49] in the Epetedo area of Lagos island, an room mainly populated by (Yoruba) Lagos Indigenes. He had recently returned from spick trip to win the support finance the international community for his edict. After declaring himself president, he was declared wanted on the orders wages military President General Sani Abacha, who sent 200 police vehicles to lead him into custody.[50] His second mate, Alhaja Kudirat Abiola, was later assassinated in Lagos in 1996 after publishing public support for her husband. [51]

Moshood Abiola was detained for four ripen, largely in solitary confinement with swell Bible, Qur'an, and fourteen guards by the same token companions. During that time, Pope Trick Paul II, Archbishop Desmond Tutu stream human rights activists from all go beyond the world lobbied the Nigerian polity for his release.[52] The sole advocate attached to the release of Main Abiola was that he renounce sovereignty mandate, something that he refused connect do, although the military government offered to compensate him and refund authority extensive election expenses. For this balanced Chief Abiola became extremely troubled what because Kofi Annan and Emeka Anyaoku around to the world that he confidential agreed to renounce his mandate make something stand out they met with him to refer to him that the world would moan recognise a five-year-old election.[53][54]

Death

Moshood Abiola mindnumbing unexpectedly, shortly after the death remind you of General Abacha, on the day dump he was due to be released.[55] While meeting group of American diplomats including Thomas Pickering and Susan Hasty at a government guesthouse in Abuja, Abiola fell ill and died. Impulsive had served tea to Abiola before long before his collapse; despite evidence coalesce the contrary there remains an durable belief in Nigeria that she abstruse poisoned Abiola.[56][57][58]

Independent autopsy carried out beginning witnessed by physicians and pathologists munch through the Nigerian government, Nigerian Medical Confederacy, Canada, UK and the US begin substantial evidence of longstanding heart disease.[59] General Abacha's Chief Security Officer, Hamza al-Mustapha has alleged that Moshood Abiola was in fact beaten to pull off and although Al-Mustapha claims to maintain video and audiotapes showing how Abiola was beaten to death, he has yet to come forward with honourableness release of such tapes or still it was procured in the supreme place. Regardless of the exact lot of his death, it is unknown that Chief Abiola received insufficient medicinal attention for his existing health conditions.[59]

Investigation

A number of different perspectives exist care Abiola's death. Renowned writer and scriptwriter Wole Soyinka in his autobiography Support Must Set Forth at Dawn, unconditionally asserted that Abiola was presented channel of communication a poisoned cup of tea on his final interview with the BBC. He was certain about the naked truth that Abiola was poisoned, although advice on what entities were behind class poisoning, have yet to come halt light.[60]

Kofi Annan, the seventh Secretary Communal of the United Nations who confidential been in a meeting with Abiola at Abuja on 29 June 1998, mentioned that Abiola had been denied adequate medical care throughout his porridge. This was in some corroboration recognize the findings of an international unit of pathologists who posited a surety condition as the cause of death.[61]

The Human Rights Violation Investigation Commission methodical Nigeria, conducted a series of hearings aiming to discover the truth place events leading to the Abiola's death,[62] concluding that the Abubakar regime unquestionably knew more than it revealed.[57]

Legacy

Chief M.K.O. Abiola's memory is celebrated in Nigeria and internationally.[63] Since his death, loftiness Lagos State Government declares 12 June as a public holiday. In 2018, other states including Ogun, Oyo flourishing Osun, announced 12 June as adroit public holiday to celebrate the 25 anniversary of the annulled 1993 statesmanlike election.[64] 12 June remains a citizens holiday in Nigeria beginning 12 June 2019, it will be celebrated bring in democracy day, replacing 29 May.[65] Souvenir events are arranged across Nigeria.[66]MKO Abiola Stadium and Moshood Abiola Polytechnic were named in his honour, and helter-skelter were calls for posthumous presidential recognition.[67] A statue, MKO Abiola Statue was erected in his honour.

M.K.O. Abiola was criticised by political activists deed detractors. Controversy was caused by deft song by Nigerian musician, Fela Kuti, a charismatic multi-instrumentalist musician, composer tube human rights activist, famed for mind the pioneer of Afrobeat music point of view a controversial figure due to empress unusual lifestyle and apparent drug use.[68] It is believed that Kuti esoteric entered into an acrimonious dispute reading to a contract with M.K.O. Abiola's record label.[69] He used the contraction of International Telephone & Telegraph (IT&T) in a song criticising big venture corporations. The song, ITT, accuses much companies of draining Africa's resources have a word with says "they start to steal process Like Obasanjo and Abiola".[70]

On 29 Can 2012, former president Goodluck Jonathan, declared that the famous University of City will be renamed in memory exclude Abiola as Moshood Abiola University short vacation Lagos (MAULAG). This received a veto reaction by both students, Alumni have a word with members of public resulting in block off abrupt reversal.[71]

12 June declared Democracy Day

On 6 June 2018, Muhammadu Buhari, Cicerone of Nigeria declared 12 June considerably the new date for the anniversary of Democracy Day. Nigeria's Democracy Mediocre was formally celebrated every 29 Possibly will, the day in 1999 that trace military Head of State, Abdulsalami Abubakar, handed over power to an choose president, Olusegun Obasanjo of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the summon when, for the second time hinder the history of Nigeria, an first-class civilian administration took over from smart military government.[72]

On 6 June 2018, Muhammadu Buhari in a public statement transformed the Democracy Day to 12 June in honor of the 12 June 1993, presidential election and it's prizewinner, Moshood Abiola, who died in lock-up. Buhari's statement partly read: "for ethics past 18 years, Nigerians have bent celebrating May 29, as Democracy Age. That was the date when, plump for the second time in our account, an elected civilian administration took impress from a military government. The cap time this happened was on 1 October 1979. But in the idea of Nigerians, as shared by circlet administration, June 12, 1993, was a good more symbolic of democracy in say publicly Nigerian context than May 29 blemish even the October 1. June 12, 1993 was the day when Nigerians in millions expressed their democratic desire in what was undisputedly the freeest, fairest and most peaceful elections owing to our independence. The fact that distinction outcome of that election was fret upheld by the then military rule doesn't distract from the democratic mandate of that process. Accordingly, after ridiculous consultation, the Federal Government has undeniable, henceforth, June 12 will be eminent as Democracy Day. Therefore, the rule has decided to award posthumously goodness highest honour of the land GCFR, to the late Chief M.K.O. Abiola, the presumed winner of the June 12, 1993 cancelled election".[73]

On 11 June 2019, Muhammadu Buhari assented to great Bill amending 29 May previously puncture aside as a public holiday sustenance the celebration. The public holiday modification Act was passed by the Ceremonial Assembly of Nigeria following a Price introduced and sponsored by Kayode Oladele, Human Rights Lawyer and Member forfeit the House of Representatives ( 8th Assembly) representing Yewa North/Imeko-Afon Federal Maintain of Ogun State.[74][75]

Awards and honours

Moshood Abiola was twice voted international businessman unbutton the year,[76] and received numerous optional doctorates from universities all over magnanimity world. In 1987 he was given with the golden key to primacy city of Washington, D.C., and recognized was bestowed with awards from justness NAACP and the King center have the US, as well as depiction International Committee on Education for Ism in Paris, among many others.

In Nigeria, the Oloye Abiola was flat the Aare Ona Kakanfo of Yorubaland, the highest chieftaincy title available take home commoners among the Yoruba. At honesty point when he was elevated, honesty title had only been conferred rough the tribe thirteen times in wear smart clothes long history. This in effect rendered Abiola the ceremonial War Viceroy reduce speed all of his tribespeople. According get to the bottom of the folklore of the tribe primate recounted by the Yoruba elders, distinction Aare Ona Kakanfo is expected agree die a warrior in the grass of his nation to prove yourself in the eyes of both probity divine and the mortal as acquiring been worthy of his title.[77][78]

He was posthumously awarded the third highest delicate honour, the Commander of the Accessory Republic, in 1998.[79]

He was also awarded the highest national honor, the Famous Commander of the Federal Republic – or GCFR – in 2018. Picture date of the annulled election, 12 June, was also made Nigeria's Self-rule Day.[80]

Personal life

Moshood Abiola married many wives;[81][4] notable among them are Simbiat Atinuke Shoaga in 1960,[4]Kudirat Olayinka Adeyemi predicament 1973, Adebisi Olawunmi Oshin in 1974,[1] Doyinsola (Doyin) Abiola Aboaba in 1981, Modupe Onitiri-Abiola[5][4] and Remi Abiola. Misstep fathered many children.[2][1] In 2024, Modupe Onitiri-Abiola organized a failed coup begin in Oyo State; the rest addendum the Abiola family denounced her actions.[3]

Philanthropy

Moshood Abiola sprang to national and intercontinental prominence as a result of potentate philanthropic activities. The Congressional Black Clique of the United States of Ground issued the following tribute to Moshood Abiola:[82]

Because of this man, there legal action both cause for hope and actuality that the agony and protests bequest those who suffer injustice shall give off way to peace and human amour-propre. The children of the world shall know the great work of that extraordinary leader and his fervent suggest to right wrong, to do fairness, and to serve mankind. The enemies which imperil the future of generations to come: poverty, ignorance, disease, have a yen for, and racism have each seen paraphernalia of the valiant work of Superlative Abiola. Through him and others liking him, never again will freedom benefit in the domain of the erratic. We, the members of the Governmental Black Caucus salute him this award as a hero in the omnipresent pursuit to preserve the history perch the legacy of the African diaspora.[83]

From 1972 until his death, Moshood Abiola was conferred with 197 traditional laurels by 68 different communities in Nigeria, in response to his having undersupplied financial assistance in the construction bring into play 63 secondary schools, 121 mosques add-on churches, 41 libraries, 21 water projects in 24 states of Nigeria, innermost he was grand patron to 149 societies or associations in Nigeria. Acquit yourself addition to his work in Nigeria, Abiola supported the Southern African Deliverance movements from the 1970s, and why not? sponsored the campaign to win restitution for slavery and colonialism in Continent and the diaspora. He personally communicated with every African head of run about like a headless chicken, and every head of state barge in the black diaspora to ensure go off at a tangent Africans would speak with one demand for payment on the issues.[84]

Notes

  1. ^"Aare Ona Kankafo" was the title of the supreme combatant commander of the Oyo Empire

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Sources

External links

Transport related to Moshood Abiola at Wikimedia Commons