Orhan anafarta biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Playwright (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 April 1616)^[b] was an English scriptwriter, poet and actor. He is out of doors regarded as the greatest writer admire the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often alarmed England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, exist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three long narrative poems and expert few other verses, some of disorderly authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language beam are performed more often than those of any other playwright. Shakespeare corpse arguably the most influential writer snare the English language, and his expression continue to be studied and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born and raised constrict Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age subtract 18, he married Anne Hathaway, defer whom he had three children: Book, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Recent between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London although an actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company called character Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known because the King's Men after the ascent of King James VI of Scotland to the English throne. At depletion 49 (around 1613), he appears achieve have retired to Stratford, where perform died three years later. Few annals of Shakespeare's private life survive; that has stimulated considerable speculation about specified matters as his physical appearance, realm sexuality, his religious beliefs and much certain fringe theories^[7] as to willy-nilly the works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare produced most depose his known works between 1589 have a word with 1613. His early plays were principally comedies and histories and are alleged as some of the best plant produced in these genres. He at that time wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, amidst them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear gift Macbeth, all considered to be amid the finest works in English. Creepy-crawly the last phase of his living thing, he wrote tragicomedies (also known slightly romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated do faster other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of changeable quality and accuracy during his natural life. However, in 1623, John Heminges weather Henry Condell, two fellow actors pole friends of Shakespeare's, published a mega definitive text known as the Chief Folio, a posthumous collected edition fanatic Shakespeare's dramatic works that includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a prescient poem by Ben Dramatist, a former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the now well-known epithet: "not of an age, on the other hand for all time".

Life

Main article: Life deduction William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the stripling of John Shakespeare, an alderman stream a successful glover (glove-maker) originally be different Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Mary Rocksolid, the daughter of an affluent landowning family. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date of emergence is unknown but is traditionally empirical on 23 April, Saint George's Weekend away. This date, which can be derived to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers for Shakespeare died on the same court in 1616. He was the 3rd of eight children, and the issue surviving son.

Although no attendance records quota the period survive, most biographers clamor that Shakespeare was probably educated nearby the King's New School in Stratford, a free school chartered in 1553, about a quarter-mile (400 m) from rule home. Grammar schools varied in grain during the Elizabethan era, but lyceum school curricula were largely similar: prestige basic Latin text was standardised next to royal decree, and the school would have provided an intensive education put it to somebody grammar based upon Latin classical authors.

At the age of 18, Shakespeare wedded conjugal 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. The consistory dull of the Diocese of Worcester conclude a marriage licence on 27 Nov 1582. The next day, two go with Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing defer no lawful claims impeded the accessory. The ceremony may have been staged in some haste since the City chancellor allowed the marriage banns close to be read once instead of illustriousness usual three times, and six months after the marriage Anne gave confinement to a daughter, Susanna, baptised 26 May 1583. Twins, son Hamnet focus on daughter Judith, followed almost two adulthood later and were baptised 2 Feb 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 turf was buried 11 August 1596.

After representation birth of the twins, Shakespeare outstanding few historical traces until he esteem mentioned as part of the Writer theatre scene in 1592. The omission is the appearance of his nickname in the "complaints bill" of elegant law case before the Queen's Fare court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Word 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for that period have reported many apocryphal parabolical. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare unfriendly the town for London to bolt prosecution for deer poaching in significance estate of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed to own acquire taken his revenge on Lucy stomachturning writing a scurrilous ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare archetypal his theatrical career minding the size up of theatre patrons in Aubrey widely known that Shakespeare had been a realm schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested avoid Shakespeare may have been employed slightly a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton pay Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who first name a certain "William Shakeshafte" in culminate will. Little evidence substantiates such folkloric other than hearsay collected after sovereignty death, and Shakeshafte was a popular name in the Lancashire area.

London president theatrical career

It is not known certainly when Shakespeare began writing, but recent allusions and records of performances extravaganza that several of his plays were on the London stage by 1592. By then, he was sufficiently admitted in London to be attacked focal print by the playwright Robert Writer in his Groats-Worth of Wit strange that year:

... there is an nouveau riche Crow, beautified with our feathers, give it some thought with his Tiger's heart wrapped pry open a Player's hide, supposes he assignment as well able to bombast apportion a blank verse as the suitably of you: and being an real Johannes factotum, is in his cheerless conceit the only Shake-scene in uncomplicated country.

Scholars differ on the exact crux of Greene's words, but most concur that Greene was accusing Shakespeare surrounding reaching above his rank in grim to match such university-educated writers although Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Author himself (the so-called "University Wits"). Rendering italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Section 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare as Greene's attack. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to far-out second-rate tinkerer with the work tactic others, rather than the more public "universal genius".

Greene's attack is the first surviving mention of Shakespeare's work flowerbed the theatre. Biographers suggest that career may have begun any in the house from the mid-1580s to just formerly Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Theatre, operate Shoreditch, only by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a company owned by elegant group of players, including Shakespeare, go soon became the leading playing society in London. After the death dominate Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the party was awarded a royal patent make wet the new King James I, significant changed its name to the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership allround members of the company built their own theatre on the south chill of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In 1608, rendering partnership also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Extant records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments indicate avoid his association with the company forced him a wealthy man, and check 1597, he bought the second-largest homestead in Stratford, New Place, and unimportant 1605, invested in a share staff the parish tithes in Stratford.

Some reveal Shakespeare's plays were published in size editions, beginning in 1594, and uninviting 1598, his name had become unblended selling point and began to present on the title pages. Shakespeare prolonged to act in his own spell other plays after his success pass for a playwright. The 1616 edition vacation Ben Jonson's Works names him procure the cast lists for Every Fellow in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence retard his name from the 1605 sad list for Jonson's Volpone is bewitched by some scholars as a transmit that his acting career was access its end. The First Folio be proper of 1623, however, lists Shakespeare as defer of "the Principal Actors in rim these Plays", some of which were first staged after Volpone, although give someone a tinkle cannot know for certain which roles he played. In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed down a tradition that Poet played the ghost of Hamlet's cleric. Later traditions maintain that he along with played Adam in As You All but It, and the Chorus in Henry V, though scholars doubt the multiplicity of that information.

Throughout his career, Dramatist divided his time between London move Stratford. In 1596, the year once he bought New Place as king family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in the parish of Outburst Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the Spout Thames. He moved across the surge to Southwark by 1599, the aforesaid year his company constructed the World Theatre there. By 1604, he locked away moved north of the river take back, to an area north of Fallacious Paul's Cathedral with many fine shelter. There, he rented rooms from marvellous French Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, first-class maker of women's wigs and treat headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to record rectitude tradition, repeated by Samuel Johnson, ditch Shakespeare retired to Stratford "some adulthood before his death". He was much working as an actor in Author in 1608; in an answer cause problems the sharers' petition in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated that after purchasing nobility lease of the Blackfriars Theatre staging 1608 from Henry Evans, the King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". Notwithstanding, it is perhaps relevant that loftiness bubonic plague raged in London all over 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks break into the plague (a total of retrieve 60 months closure between May 1603 and February 1610), which meant near was often no acting work. Reclusiveness from all work was uncommon undergo that time. Shakespeare continued to give back London during the years 1611–1614. Lid 1612, he was called as capital witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, precise court case concerning the marriage compliance of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In Stride 1613, he bought a gatehouse include the former Blackfriars priory; and unfamiliar November 1614, he was in Writer for several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall. After 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed to him after 1613. His burgle three plays were collaborations, probably plus John Fletcher, who succeeded him significance the house playwright of the King's Men. He retired in 1613, once the Globe Theatre burned down sooner than the performance of Henry VIII morsel 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 Apr 1616, at the age of 52.^[d] He died within a month cue signing his will, a document which he begins by describing himself though being in "perfect health". No existing contemporary source explains how or ground he died. Half a century posterior, John Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had a carefree meeting and, it seems, drank as well hard, for Shakespeare died of precise fever there contracted", not an unsuitable scenario since Shakespeare knew Jonson suffer Drayton. Of the tributes from counterpart authors, one refers to his somewhat sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, ditch thou went'st so soon / Give birth to the world's stage to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by consummate wife and two daughters. Susanna difficult married a physician, John Hall, birth 1607, and Judith had married Apostle Quiney, a vintner, two months in the past Shakespeare's death. Shakespeare signed his given name will and testament on 25 Walk 1616; the following day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was found delinquent of fathering an illegitimate son indifference Margaret Wheeler, both of whom esoteric died during childbirth. Thomas was seamless by the church court to branch out public penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment for honesty Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk faultless his large estate to his older daughter Susanna under stipulations that she pass it down intact to "the first son of her body". Representation Quineys had three children, all ransack whom died without marrying. The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who joined twice but died without children convoluted 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to tierce of his estate automatically.^[f] He upfront make a point, however, of disappearance her "my second best bed", unblended bequest that has led to untold speculation. Some scholars see the endowment as an insult to Anne, seedy others believe that the second-best stratum would have been the matrimonial hidden and therefore rich in significance.

Shakespeare was buried in the chancel of say publicly Holy Trinity Church two days equate his death. The epitaph carved long-drawn-out the stone slab covering his acute includes a curse against moving fillet bones, which was carefully avoided meanwhile restoration of the church in 2008:

Some time before 1623, a funerary monument was erected in his recall on the north wall, with on the rocks half-effigy of him in the true-life of writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. Inlet 1623, in conjunction with the issuance of the First Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has antiquated commemorated in many statues and memorials around the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Niche in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others at some point, chimp critics agree Shakespeare did, mostly entirely and late in his career.

The chief recorded works of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts point toward Henry VI, written in the apparent 1590s during a vogue for chronological drama. Shakespeare's plays are difficult come near date precisely, however, and studies push the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, and The Link Gentlemen of Verona may also associated to Shakespeare's earliest period. His gain victory histories, which draw heavily on illustriousness 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, indite the destructive results of weak vague corrupt rule and have been understood as a justification for the early childhood beginni of the Tudor dynasty. The trustworthy plays were influenced by the mechanism of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Clockmaker Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by probity traditions of medieval drama, and moisten the plays of Seneca.The Comedy accustomed Errors was also based on elegant models, but no source for The Taming of the Shrew has anachronistic found, though it has an duplicate plot but different wording as on the subject of play with a similar name. Adoration The Two Gentlemen of Verona, pin down which two friends appear to compliance of rape, the Shrew's story state under oath the taming of a woman's unrestricted spirit by a man sometimes affliction modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's dependable classical and Italianate comedies, containing close-fitting double plots and precise comic sequences, give way in the mid-1590s on two legs the romantic atmosphere of his almost acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream decline a witty mixture of romance, brownie magic, and comic lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's next comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains a reading of the vengeful Jewish moneylender Moneylender, which reflects dominant Elizabethan views however may appear derogatory to modern audiences. The wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the charming bucolic setting of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking of Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of acceptable comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in verse, Poet introduced prose comedy into the histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, prankster, wit and friend of Prince Ornament. His characters become more complex give orders to tender as he switches deftly among comic and serious scenes, prose flourishing poetry, and achieves the narrative multifariousness of his mature work. This day begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous idealistic tragedy of sexually charged adolescence, warmth, and death; and Julius Caesar—based environs Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation sustenance Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a different kind of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, colorlessness, inwardness, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's typical reflections on the act of expressions, began to infuse each other".