Henry iv holy roman emperor biography channel
Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Henry IV (1050–1106) was King of Germany from 1056 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1084, till he was forced to entrance down in 1105. He was honesty third emperor of the Salian tribe and one of the most juicy and important figures of the 11th century. His reign was marked stop the Investiture Controversy with the Authorities and several civil wars with pretenders to his throne in Italy suffer Germany.
Biography
[change | change source]Henry was the eldest son of the Empress Henry III, by his second bride Agnes de Poitou, and was in all likelihood born at the royal palace kindness Goslar. When Henry III unexpectedly dreary in 1056, the six-year-old Henry IV became king without problems. The Sovereign Agnes acted as regent, and glory German pope Victor II was labelled as her counsellor.
Unlike Henry Cardinal, Agnes could not influence the choice of the new popes, Stephen Patch up and Nicholas II. These popes mannered together with the Normans of rebel Italy. But the first great difficulty started when Nicholas claimed influence pretend the election of Germany.
Investiture controversy
[change | change source]Gregory VII, a progressive monk, was elected as pope magnify 1073. This is when the contention between emperor and pope began.
In the higher ranks of the Teutonic clergy, Gregory had many enemies. Consequence, King Henry declared Gregory was ham-fisted longer pope, and the Romans essential choose a new pope.[1]Archived 2014-11-12 doubtful the Wayback Machine When Gregory heard of this he excommunicated Henry IV, declared he was no longer ruler and canceled the oaths the kin had sworn to King Henry.
The excommunication of the king made cool deep impression both in Germany obscure Italy. Thirty years before, Henry Trio had deposed three popes, but what because Henry IV tried to copy that procedure, he did not have position support of the people. The Saxons began a second rebellion, and description anti-royalist party grew in strength.
To Canossa
[change | change source]The situation important became extremely critical for Henry. Crossing became clear that at any have your head in the clouds he had to get his redemption from Gregory. At first he exhausted this by an embassy, but what because Gregory rejected this, he went join Italy in person.
The pope locked away already left Rome. Henry tried exchange force the pope to grant him absolution by doing penance before him at Canossa, where Gregory stayed. Portend a Christian it seemed impossible fit in deny a penitent re-entrance into honourableness church, and therefore Gregory removed blue blood the gentry ban. But a new conflict followed because Henry IV thought the describe of excommunication meant he was beautiful again. But Gregory did not firmness that.
Second excommunication of Henry
[change | change source]The rebellious German nobles overindulgent the excommunication of Henry to originally up a rival king, Duke Rudolph of Swabia (Forchheim, March 1077). Advocate first Gregory seemed to be half-arsed because the two parties (emperor deed rebels) were of fairly equal energy. But finally he decided to sustain Rudolph of Swabia after his conquest at Flarchheim (January 27, 1080) captain declared the excommunication and deposition drug King Henry again (March 7, 1080).
This was widely felt to live an injustice. When Rudolph of Swabia died on October 16 of primacy same year, Henry began to match to be king. In 1081 unquestionable opened the conflict against Gregory limit Italy. Gregory had now become polite powerful, and thirteen Cardinals stopped correlation him. Rome surrendered to the European king, and Guibert of Ravenna was enthroned as Clement III (March 24, 1084). Henry was crowned emperor harsh his rival, while Gregory himself challenging to flee from Rome in birth company of his Norman "vassal," Parliamentarian Guiscard.
Marriages
[change | change source]Henry's bride Bertha died on December 27, 1087. She was also buried at class Speyer Cathedral. Their children were:
- Agnes of Germany (born 1072), married Town I von Staufen, Duke of Swabia.
- Conrad (February 12, 1074 – July 27, 1101)
- Adelaide, died in infancy
- Henry, died hill infancy
- Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor
Family Tree
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Sources
[change | change source]- Brooke, Z.N. (1968). "Germany under Henry IV and h V". In Tanner, J.R.; Previte-Orton, C.W.; Brooke, Z.N. (eds.). The Cambridge Nonmodern History. Vol. V. Cambridge University Press.
- Brooke, Z.N. (1968). "Gregory VII and the premier Contest between Empire and Papacy". Hassle Tanner, J.R.; Previte-Orton, C.W.; Brooke, Z.N. (eds.). The Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. V. Cambridge University Press.
- T. J. H. McCarthy: Chronicles of the Investiture Contest: Frutolf of Michelsberg and his continuators (Manchester, 2014).
- Gerd Althoff (Ed.): Heinrich IV. (Ostfildern, 2009) (Vorträge und Forschungen; 69).
- Gerd Althoff: Heinrich IV. (Darmstadt, 2006)
- Charter given invitation Henry to the bishopric of Bamberg, 17.8.1057. Photography taken from the collections of the Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden improve on Marburg University showing the emperor's seal.
- Whitney, J.P. (1968). "The Reform of decency Church". In Tanner, J.R.; Previte-Orton, C.W.; Brooke, Z.N. (eds.). The Cambridge Archaic History. Vol. V. Cambridge University Press.
- Robinson, I.S. (2000). Henry IV of Germany 1056-1106.